The Rasch Approach in the Evaluation of Reasoning Instruments for Elementary School Students: A Literature Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37680/basica.v6i1.9751Keywords:
Rasch Model, Reasoning Assessment, HOTS EvaluationAbstract
This study aims to analyze the application of the Rasch Model in evaluating reasoning assessment instruments for elementary school students through a systematic literature review. Reasoning ability is a fundamental component of Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) and plays an important role in developing critical thinking and problem-solving skills. This study employed a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach guided by the PRISMA 2020 framework. Literature was collected from Google Scholar, Scopus, ERIC, and Garuda databases. The review included peer-reviewed journal articles published between 2020 and 2025 that focused on the application of the Rasch Model in educational assessment, reasoning assessment, HOTS, and instrument validation. Following the identification, screening, eligibility, and inclusion stages, 15 articles met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed using thematic content analysis. The findings indicate that the Rasch Model provides more objective, valid, reliable, and stable measurements than Classical Test Theory (CTT). The model effectively evaluates item validity, reliability, item difficulty levels, person-item maps, and item fit statistics, thereby improving the accuracy of reasoning assessment. The study concludes that the Rasch Model is highly relevant for developing HOTS-based reasoning instruments in elementary education and contributes significantly to improving the quality of educational assessment and supporting 21st-century learning evaluation.
References
Afandi, A., Sri Wahyuni, E., & Rosyadi, A. R. (2025). Developing Instrument of Digital Age Literacy Inventory: Validity and Reliability Analysis Using Rasch Model. JTP - Jurnal Teknologi Pendidikan, 27(3), 784–798. https://doi.org/10.21009/jtp.v27i3.58103
Ahmad, Izmaimusah, D., & Idris, M. (2021). Instrument Development Of Mathematics Learning Outcomes By The Rasch Model In Elementary School To Support The Implementation Of The 2013 Curriculum. JISAE: Journal of Indonesian Student Assessment and Evaluation, 7(2 SE-Articles), 88–102. https://doi.org/10.21009/jisae.v7i2.21830
Aminudin, A. H., Adimayuda, R., Kaniawati, I., Suhendi, E., Samsudin, A., & Coştu, B. (2021). Rasch analysis of Multitier Open-ended Light-Wave Instrument (MOLWI): Developing and assessing second-years sundanese-scholars alternative conceptions. Journal for the Education of Gifted Young Scientists, 7(3), 557–579. https://doi.org/10.17478/jegys.574524
Anggraeni, N., Rustini, T., & Wahyuningsih, Y. (2022). Keterampilan Berpikir Kritis Siswa Sekolah Dasar Pada Mata Pelajaran Ips Di Kelas Tinggi. Jurnal Review Pendidikan Dasar : Jurnal Kajian Pendidikan Dan Hasil Penelitian, 8(1), 84–90. https://doi.org/10.26740/jrpd.v8n1.p84-90
Anggraini, V. S., Fanani, A., & Juniarso, T. (2020). Media Math Scrabble Untuk Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Siswa Sekolah Dasar: Studi Kuasi Eksperimental. Journal of the Indonesian Mathematics Education Society, 1(2), 38–42. https://doi.org/10.26740/jimes.v1n2.p38-42
Antari, C. J., Triyogo, A., Egok, & Sukenda, A. (2021). Penerapan Model Outdoor Learning pada Pembelajaran Tematik Siswa di Sekolah Dasar. Jurnal Basicedu, 5(5), 3(2), 524–532.
Bond, T., Yan, Z., & Heene, M. (2020). Applying the Rasch Model:Fundamental Measurement in the Human Sciences. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429030499
Chan, S. W., Ismail, Z., & Sumintono, B. (2024). A Rasch Model Analysis on Secondary Students’ Statistical Reasoning Ability in Descriptive Statistics. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 129, 133–139. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.658
Difa, A. (2026). Aplikasi Model Rasch pada Pengembangan Skala Efikasi Diri dalam Pengambilan Keputusan Karir Siswa [Application of the Rasch Model on the Development of Self-Efficiency Scale in Student Career Decision Making]. Jurnal Psikologi, 43(3), 248.
Maylia, E. C., Amelia, A. P., Suwarna, D. M., Muyassaroh, I., & Jenuri, J. (2024). Strategi Pembelajaran Inkuiri Terhadap Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Siswa SD. Jurnal Review Pendidikan Dasar : Jurnal Kajian Pendidikan Dan Hasil Penelitian, 10(1), 32–41. https://doi.org/10.26740/jrpd.v10n1.p32-41
Mullis, I. V. S., Martin, M. O., Foy, P., Kelly, D. L., & Fishbein, B. (2020). TIMSS 2019 International Results in Mathematics and Science. TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center.
Natoil, N. (2021). Penggunaan Media Video dalam Pembelajaran Managemen Pemasaran untuk Meningkatkan Pemahaman Mahasiswa di Masa Pandemi Covid-19. Jurnal Educatio FKIP UNMA, 7(2), 432–438. https://doi.org/10.31949/educatio.v7i2.1073
Nuryanti, S., Masykuri, M., & Susilowati, E. (2018). Analisis Iteman dan model Rasch pada pengembangan instrumen kemampuan berpikir kritis peserta didik sekolah menengah kejuruan. Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan IPA, 4(2 SE-Articles), 224–233. https://doi.org/10.21831/jipi.v4i2.21442
Ocy, D. R., Rahayu, W., & Makmuri. (2023). Rasch Model Analysis: Development Of Hots-Based Mathematical Abstraction Ability Instrument According To Riau Islands Culture. AKSIOMA: Jurnal Program Studi Pendidikan Matematika, 12(4), 3542–3560.
Oktaviani, M., Hasanah, U., Faesal, M., Elmanora, & Zulfa, V. (2021). the Use of the Rasch Model in Analysing the Validity and Reliability of Students’ Coping Strategy Scale. JISAE: Journal of Indonesian Student Assessment and Evaluation, 7(2), 110–119. https://doi.org/10.21009/jisae.v7i2.22009
Piliyang, Y., Arafiyah, R., & Rahayu, W. (2025). Implementing Rasch Model for Modern Test Evaluation Using Python Prototype. J-KOMA : Jurnal Ilmu Komputer Dan Aplikasi, 8(1), 27–32. https://doi.org/10.21009/j-koma.v8i1.04
PISA. (2022). PISA Result. Journal Pendidikan, 10. https://www.oecd.org/publication/pisa-2022-results/country-notes/malaysia-1dbe2061/
Pratama, D., & Husnayaini, I. (2020). Applying Rasch Model To Measure Students` Reading Comprehension. JISAE: Journal of Indonesian Student Assessment and Evaluation, 6(2), 203–209. https://doi.org/10.21009/jisae.v6i2.14920
Prayoga, K. P., Suryana, D., Supriatna, M., & Budiman, N. (2024). Penggunaan Rasch Model Untuk Menganalisis Konstruk Instrumen Kontrol Diri Pada Siswa Sekolah Menengah. G-Couns: Jurnal Bimbingan Dan Konseling, 9(1), 367–381. https://doi.org/10.31316/gcouns.v9i1.4459
Purba, S. E. D. (2018). Analisis model Rasch instrumen tes prestasi pada mata pelajaran dasar dan pengukuran listrik. Wiyata Dharma: Jurnal Penelitian Dan Evaluasi Pendidikan, 6(2), 142–147. https://doi.org/10.30738/wd.v6i2.3393
Purnamasari, R., Maftuh, B., Hidayat, M., Warlim, W., Dahliyana, A., Ruyadi, Y., Syarief Nurdin, E., & Fauziah, N. (2026). Rasch Model Validation of Critical Thinking Assessment in Elementary Education: Validasi Instrumen Penilaian Berpikir Kritis Siswa Sekolah Dasar Berbasis Rasch. Indonesian Journal of Innovation Studies, 27. https://doi.org/10.21070/ijins.v27i1.1842
Qadriyyah, Q., Suprananto, S., & Hayat, B. (2025). The Analysis of Validity and Reliability of the Indonesian’s SCARED Instrument Using the Rasch Model. JISAE: Journal of Indonesian Student Assessment and Evaluation, 11(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.21009/jisae.v11i1.54614
Ramadhan, A. S., & Handayani, I. (2025). Analisis Kualitas Instrumen Minat Belajar Dalam Pembelajaran Matematika: Pendekatan Model Rasch. SIGMA: JURNAL PENDIDIKAN MATEMATIKA, 17, 353–367.
Ramdani, R., Hanurawan, F., Ramli, M., Lasan, B. B., & Afdal, A. (2020). Development and Validation of Indonesian Academic Resilience Scale Using Rasch Models. International Journal of Instruction, 14(1), 105–120. https://doi.org/10.29333/IJI.2021.1417A
Sabir, A., Mayong, M., & Usman, U. (2021). Analisis Soal Higher Order Thinking Skills (Hots) Berdasarkan Dimensi Kognitif. INDONESIA: Jurnal Pembelajaran Bahasa Dan Sastra Indonesia, 2, 117. https://doi.org/10.26858/indonesia.v2i3.23971
Sadhu, S., & Laksono, E. W. (2021). Development and validation of an integrated assessment for measuring critical thinking and chemical literacy in chemical equilibrium. International Journal of Instruction, 11(3), 557–572. https://doi.org/10.12973/iji.2018.11338a
Saraswati, P. M. S., & Agustika, G. N. S. (2020). Kemampuan Berpikir Tingkat Tinggi dalam Menyelesaikan Soal HOTS Mata Pelajaran Matematika. Jurnal Ilmiah Sekolah Dasar, 4(2 SE-Articles), 257–269. https://doi.org/10.23887/jisd.v4i2.25336
Supriyadi, Haenilah, E. Y., & Maulina, D. (2026). Development and validation of the critical consciousness scale of environmental issues (CCS-EI): A RASCH model analysis. Biosfer: Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi, 19(1), 382–395.
Syadiah, A. N., & Hamdu, G. (2020). Analisis rasch untuk soal tes berpikir kritis pada pembelajaran STEM di sekolah dasar. Premiere Educandum : Jurnal Pendidikan Dasar Dan Pembelajaran, 10(2), 138–148. https://doi.org/10.25273/pe.v10i2.6524
Uli Sihombing, R., Naga, D. S., & Rahayu, W. (2020). A Rasch Model Measurement Analysis On Indonesian Science Literacy Test: Smart Way To Improve The Learning Assessment. IJER - Indonesian Journal of Educational Review, 6(2 SE-Articles).
Wandyka, A., & Aini, F. Q. (2025). Penggunaan Model Rasch untuk Mengembangkan Instrumen Penilaian Keterampilan Proses Sains pada Materi Gaya Antarmolekul. JagoMIPA: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika Dan IPA, 5(1), 12–24. https://doi.org/10.53299/jagomipa.v5i1.1041
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Sri Wulan Dewi, Purwo Susongko, Nuni Widiarti, Arif Widiyatmoko
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
