Bentuk dan Makna Sapaan al-Munādā terhadap Iyasu dalam Novel al-Ẓill al-Aswad Karya Najib Kailani
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37680/aphorisme.v7i1.10134Keywords:
Al-Munādā, Forms of Address, Social RelationsAbstract
This study aimed to classify the forms of al-munādā used to address the main character, Iyasu, in Najib Kailani's novel Aẓ-Ẓill Al-Aswad, based on the speaker's social relationships, and to analyze the meaning of these forms within the relationships that underlie them. A descriptive qualitative approach was employed using the listen-and-record technique for 34 instances of al-munādā in which Iyasu served as the addressee. The data were drawn from 10 groups of speakers, categorized into three relational groups: Family, Court, and Public. The analysis combined Al-Ghalayyini's classification of al-munādā with Hymes' SPEAKING framework to uncover the context and purpose of the utterances. The results revealed seven variations of al-munādā forms, distributed differently across each relational category. The mufrad 'alam form was found only in the Family category, while the mudhāf form appeared in both the Family and Court categories, with lexical choices producing different meanings. The Family category dominated the use of forms of address, followed by the Court and the Public. In terms of meaning, forms of address in the Family category served to express emotional closeness; those in the Court category represented hierarchical relationships; while some forms used by Tafari were employed manipulatively to create dramatic irony in the narrative. These findings indicated a correspondence between the grammatical forms of al-munādā and the meanings they conveyed. The choice of al-munādā form not only reflected the rules of nahw but also served as a tool for marking social relations, power distribution, and communication strategies among characters.
References
Afifah, N. (2020). Al-Ṣirā‘ al-Bāṭinī li-Mālvīn wa al-Ra’s Tafarī fī Riwāyah al-Ẓill al-Aswad li-Najīb al-Kīlānī. UIN Sunan Ampel Repository.
Ågerup, K. (2024). “In What Society do Fictional Characters Speak? Identifying and Discussing Theoretical Challenges in Sociolinguistic Analyses of Literature. Metacritic Journal for Comparative Studies and Theory, 10(2), 150–168. https://doi.org/10.24193/mjcst.2024.18.07
Agha, A. (2023). Norm and Trope in Social Indexicality. Chinese Semiotic Studies, 19(4), 569–593. https://doi.org/10.1515/css-2023-2022
Al-Bataineh, H. (2020). The Syntax of Arabic Vocatives. Brill’s Journal of Afroasiatic Languages and Linguistics, 12(2), 328–360. https://doi.org/10.1163/18776930-01202100
Albirr, S. H. (2018). Simbol-Simbol Masalah Sosial dalam Novel Aẓ-Zill al-Aswad Karya Najib Kailani: Perspektif Semiotika. Digital Library UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung.
Al-Ghalayyini, M. (2005). Jāmi’ al-Durūs al-’Arabiyyah. Al-Maktabah Al-’Ashriyyah.
Al-Hamzi, A. M. S., Nababan, M., Santosa, R., & Anis, M. Y. (2024). Socio-Pragmatic Analysis of Utterances with Polite Addressing Terms: Translation Shift Across Arabic-English Cultures. Cogent Arts & Humanities, 11(1), 2359764. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2024.2359764
Alhawary, M. T. (2016). Arabic Grammar in Context. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315651408
al-Kailānī, N. (1980). Aẓ-Ẓill al-Aswad. Mu’assasat al-Risālah.
Aminullah, A. A. M., & Al Farisi, M. Z. (2026). Dialog Profetik Nabi Musa dan Allah dalam Al-Qur’an Perspektif Teori Relevansi. Aphorisme: Journal of Arabic Language, Literature, and Education, 7(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.37680/aphorisme.v7i1.8981
Awoonor-Aziaku, L. (2021). Address Terms in Classroom Discourse: A Case of University of Cape Coast Students in Ghana. Open Journal of Modern Linguistics, 11(03), 497–510. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojml.2021.113037
Azhari, A., Athaillah, Q. Bin, & Yulis Manizal. (2023). Investigasi Kejahatan dalam Novel “Azh-Zhill Al Aswad” Karya Najib Kailani (Studi Linguistik Forensik). An-Nahdah Al-’Arabiyah, 3(2), 147–176. https://doi.org/10.22373/nahdah.v3i2.2960
Badriah, M. A. W. (2022). Istifham dalam Novel Dillul Aswad: Kajian Ma’ani.
Brown, R., & Gilman, A. (1960). The Pronouns of Power and Solidarity. Dalam T. A. Sebeok (Ed.), Style in Language (hlm. 253–276). MIT Press.
Creswell, J. W. (2018). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (5 ed.). Sage Publications.
Dahal, N. (2022). Ensuring Quality in Qualitative Research: A Researcher’s Reflections. The Qualitative Report. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2023.6097
Djenar, D. N. (2024). Levelling, Differentiation and Structure of Feeling: Address and Interlocutor Reference in Indonesian Political Interviews. Discourse & Society, 35(4), 434–454. https://doi.org/10.1177/09579265231226231
Eckert, P. (2024). Social Meaning. Theoretical Linguistics, 50(1–2), 63–70. https://doi.org/10.1515/tl-2024-2004
Fauzi, L. (2021). Qashar dalam Novel Al-Dhillul Al-Aswad Karya Najieb Kailani: Kajian Ilmu Ma’ani.
Gusnawaty, G., Lukman, L., Nurwati, A., Adha, A., Nurhawara, N., & Edy, A. (2022). Strategy of Kinship Terms as a Politeness Model in Maintaining Social Interaction: Local Values Towards Global Harmony. Heliyon, 8(9), e10650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10650
Hakim, A. Z. (2017). Kritik Sosial dalam Novel Bayang-bayang Hitam Karya Najib Kailani. https://repository.ar-raniry.ac.id/2362/
Hymes, D. (1974). Foundations in Sociolinguistics: An Ethnographic Approach. University of Pennsylvania Press.
Idaryani, I., & Fidyati, F. (2023). The Usage of Kinship Terms and Their Values among Acehnese People in Indonesia. Journal of English Language and Education, 8(2), 148–161. https://doi.org/10.31004/jele.v8i2.465
Ihkam, M. H. (2024). Ketertindasan Muslim Minoritas dalam Novel Az-Zill al-Aswad Karya Najib Al-Kailani (Kajian Resepsi Sastra Wolfgang Iser). UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta.
Ihkam, M. H., & Musthofa, M. (2025). Ethiopian Social Conflict in the Novel Aẓ-Ẓill Al-Aswad by Najib Al-Kailani Based on Ralf Dahrendorf’s Perspective. Muaddib: Journal of Arabic Language and Literature, 1(2), 73–89. https://doi.org/10.51190/muaddib.v01i02.9
Kiesling, S. F. (2022). Stance and Stancetaking. Annual Review of Linguistics, 8(1), 409–426. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-linguistics-031120-121256
Lappalainen, H., & Saviniemi, M. (2024). Metalinguistic Commentary on Forms of Address in a Finnish Autobiographical Novel Series. Languages, 9(5), 153. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages9050153
Matin, A. (2017). Majaz Mursal dalam Novel Az-Zillu Al-’Aswadu Karya Najib Kailani: Analisis Ilmu Bayan.
Maufiroh. (2017). Syakhṣiyyah Iyasu fī Riwāyah al-Ẓill al-Aswad li-Najīb al-Kīlānī. UIN Sunan Ampel Repository.
Menon, T. K. (2024). Forms of Discourse: The Significance of Direct Speech. Studies in the Novel, 56(4), 376–387. https://doi.org/10.1353/sdn.2024.a948000
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2014). Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook (3 ed.). SAGE Publications.
Muiz Munawar, A., & Mohamed, Z. (2025). Najib al-Kilani as an Islamic Theorist and Writer. Dalam Qalam International Journal of Arabic Studies (Vol. 7).
Mushin, I., & Doehler, S. P. (2021). Linguistic Structures in Social Interaction. Interactional Linguistics, 1(1), 2–32. https://doi.org/10.1075/il.21008.mus
Park, I. (2023). The Chair’s Use of Address Terms in Workplace Meetings. Text & Talk, 43(2), 185–210. https://doi.org/10.1515/text-2020-0169
Sabarian, Hadi, S., & Utami, S. F. (2025). The Sufi Maqāmāt in Najib Kailani’s Al-Rajul Allażī Āmana: A Genetic Structuralism Analysis. Ukazh: Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Bahasa dan Sastra Arab, 1(1), 12–25. https://doi.org/10.37108/ukazh.v1i1.2047
Schüpbach, D., Hajek, J., Kretzenbacher, H. L., & Norrby, C. (2021). Approaches to the Study of Address in Pluricentric Languages: Methodological Reflections. Sociolinguistica, 35(1), 165–188. https://doi.org/10.1515/soci-2021-0009
Wijayanti, D. E. (2020). Perjuangan Perempuan pada Masa Pergolakan Politik Indonesia Tahun 1965 dalam Novel Gadis Jakarta Karya Najib Kaelani dan Novel Amba Karya Laksmi Pamuntjak. Aphorisme: Journal of Arabic Language, Literature, and Education, 1(2), 73–91. https://doi.org/10.37680/aphorisme.v1i2.402
Yadav, D. (2022). Criteria for Good Qualitative Research: A Comprehensive Review. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 31(6), 679–689. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-021-00619-0
Yusra, K., Lestari, Y. B., & Simpson, J. (2023a). Borrowing of Address Forms for Dimensions of Social Relation in a Contact-Induced Multilingual Community. Journal of Politeness Research, 19(1), 217–248. https://doi.org/10.1515/pr-2021-0022
Yusra, K., Lestari, Y. B., & Simpson, J. (2023b). Borrowing of Address Forms for Dimensions of Social Relation in a Contact-Induced Multilingual Community. Journal of Politeness Research, 19(1), 217–248. https://doi.org/10.1515/pr-2021-0022
Zaqi, F. W. (2021). Tindak Tutur Ekspresif dalam Novel Zhillul Aswad Karya Najib Kailani: Kajian Pragmatik.
Zikri, M., Rosyidatila, F., & Suryaman, A. (2022). Studi Literasi Sastra Modern Atas Novel Zilul Aswad. AL Maktabah, 7(2), 123. https://doi.org/10.29300/mkt.v7i2.2763
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Malikussaleh Malikussaleh, Yadi Mardiansyah, Edi Komarudin
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
.jpg)
