Tolerance Index and Policy Model in Sustainable Tourism Development in Central Lombok Regency, Indonesia
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- Published Jun 30, 2023
- https://doi.org/10.37680/muharrik.v6i1.2164
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Abstract
This article aims to describe the tolerance index and management model of tourism development in Central Lombok Regency. Using the mix-method, this study found that the religious tolerance index information was 3.61 or had a high category. The religious tolerance index is supported by a two-dimensional-based management model, namely regulation and institutional. The regulatory dimension refers to the 2006 Joint Regulation of the Minister of Religion and the Minister of Home Affairs, the 2020-2024 Ministry of Religion Strategic Plan, and the 2021-2026 Lombok Regency RPJMD. Recommended policy development models include; The regulatory dimension is guided by Presidential Regulation Number 58 of 2023, Regulation of the Minister of Religion Number 3 of 2024, and the Central Lombok Regency RPJPD 2025-2045. By referring to these regulations, the institution of tolerance management policy applies the hexa-helix model collaborative management approach, namely policies through the collaboration of six stakeholders which include: local governments; FKUB; the business world; NGOs / religious organizations; mass media; and universities. Local governments play a role in designing and developing policies, while other stakeholders play a supporting role in policy management.
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References
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Borin, Elena, and Giulia Fantini. 2023. “Participatory Governance as a Success Factor in Equity Crowdfunding Campaigns for Cultural Heritage.” Journal of Risk and Financial Management 16 (3). https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm16030172.
Bua, Adrian, and Sonia Bussu. 2021. “Between Governance-Driven Democratisation and Democracy-Driven Governance: Explaining Changes in Participatory Governance in the Case of Barcelona.” European Journal of Political Research 60 (3). https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12421.
Bussu, Sonia, Adrian Bua, Rikki Dean, and Graham Smith. 2022. “Introduction: Embedding Participatory Governance.” Critical Policy Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/19460171.2022.2053179.
Creswell, J W. 2003. “A Framework for Design. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches.” Political Science & Politics 44 (04).
Creswell, W John, and J David Creswell. 2018. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative Adn Mixed Methods Approaches. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling. Vol. 53.
Dr. Serhart Kurt. 2020. “Lev Vygotsky - Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive Development .” Educational Technology .
Ebrahimi, Mansoureh, Kamaruzaman Yusoff, and Rozmi Ismail. 2021. “Middle East and African Student (MEAS) Perceptions of Islam and Islamic Moderation: A Case Study.” Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies 11 (1). https://doi.org/10.18326/IJIMS.V11I1.55-80.
Fathiyah, Wardah. 2017. “Setara Institute: 97 Kasus Penistaan Agama Terjadi Di Indonesia.” VOA Indonesia, 2017.
Flambonita, Suci. 2021. “THE CONCEPT OF LEGAL PLURALISM IN INDONESIA IN THE NEW SOCIAL MOVEMENT.” Jurnal Analisa Sosiologi 10 (3). https://doi.org/10.20961/jas.v10i0.45939.
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Hafiz, Abdul, Leli Romdaniah, Rasya Ahmad Nizar, and Syifa Mauliza. 2024. “Toleransi Beragama Dalam Masyarakat Plural : Inisiatif Pendidikan, Kebijakan Publik, Dan Peran Media Dalam Membentuk Sikap Toleransi.” Rayah Al-Islam 8 (1). https://doi.org/10.37274/rais.v8i1.916.
Hammerschmid, Gerhard, Enora Palaric, Maike Rackwitz, and Kai Wegrich. 2024. “A Shift in Paradigm? Collaborative Public Administration in the Context of National Digitalization Strategies.” Governance 37 (2). https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12778.
Hancock, Beverley, Elizabeth Ockleford, Kate Windridge, and East Midlands. 2007. “An Introduction to Qualitative Research The NIHR RDS for The.” The NIHR RDS EM / YH.
Haris, Subhan. 2019. “Governance : Perubahan Paradigma.” Sosfilkom 8 (1).
Hayat, Hayat. 2020. “Paradigma Good Governance Menuju Shared Governance Melalui Reformasi Birokrasi Dan Inovasi Pelayanan Publik.” ARISTO 8 (1). https://doi.org/10.24269/ars.v8i1.2270.
Hitchings, Russell, and Alan Latham. 2020. “Qualitative Methods II: On the Presentation of ‘Geographical Ethnography.’” Progress in Human Geography 44 (5). https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132519879986.
Huda, M. Thoriqul. 2021. “Pengarusutamaan Moderasi Beragama; Strategi Tantangan Dan Peluang FKUB Jawa Timur.” Tribakti: Jurnal Pemikiran Keislaman 32 (2). https://doi.org/10.33367/tribakti.v32i2.1745.
Hutabarat, Binsar Antoni, and H. Hans Panjaitan. 2017. “Tingkat Toleransi Antaragama Di Masyarakat Indonesia.” Societas Dei: Jurnal Agama Dan Masyarakat 3 (1). https://doi.org/10.33550/sd.v3i1.28.
Ishtiaq, Muhammad. 2019. “Book Review Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches (4th Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.” English Language Teaching 12 (5). https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v12n5p40.
Ismanto, Slamet Usman, Dian Indira, and Meilanny Budiarti Santoso. 2023. “Community Involvement Based on Community-Based Tourism Principles in the Development of Area-Based Tourism in Cirebon Regency.” Jurnal Manajemen Pelayanan Publik 6 (2). https://doi.org/10.24198/jmpp.v6i2.45278.
Junaedi, Edi. 2022. “MODERASI BERAGAMA DALAM TINJAUAN KRITIS KEBEBASAN BERAGAMA.” Harmoni 21 (2). https://doi.org/10.32488/harmoni.v21i2.641.
Lestari, Dewi Tika. 2020. “Membangun Harmoni Sosial Melalui Musik Dalam Ekspresi Budaya Orang Basudara Di Maluku.” Panggung 30 (3). https://doi.org/10.26742/panggung.v30i3.1267.
McMullan, John. 2020. “A New Understanding of ‘New Media’: Online Platforms as Digital Mediums.” Convergence 26 (2). https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856517738159.
Merriam, B Tisdell, E. 2016. Qualitative Research A Guide to Design and Implementation. The Jossey-Bass Higher and Adult Education Series. Vol. 112.
Miharja, Deni, and Mulyana Mulyana. 2019. “Peran FKUB Dalam Menyelesaikan Konflik Keagamaan Di Jawa Barat.” Religious: Jurnal Studi Agama-Agama Dan Lintas Budaya 2.
Mykola, Alla, Viktoria Kornienko, Azad, and Svitlana. 2020. “The Paradigm of Public Administration and Its Development in Conditions of State Formation and Changes.” International Journal of Economics and Business Administration VIII (Special Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.35808/ijeba/535.
Otani, Takashi. 2017. “What Is Qualitative Research?” Yakugaku Zasshi. https://doi.org/10.1248/yakushi.16-00224-1.
Pengsuwan, Parin, and Sirirat Choonhaklai. 2019. “Paradigms of Public Administration and Development of Thai Modern Bureaucracy over Five Decades.” Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences 40 (1). https://doi.org/10.34044/j.kjss.2019.40.1.08.
Pitman, Mary Anne. 1998. “Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach:Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach.” Anthropology
Rahmat, Imdadun. 2021. “Jaminan Kebebasan Beragama Dan Berkeyakinan Di Indonesia.” Jurnal Hak Asasi Manusia 11 (11). https://doi.org/10.58823/jham.v11i11.86.
Sandall, Jane. 1998. “Research Methods Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach 1996 Joseph A Maxwell Applied Social Research Methods Series Volume 41 , Sage Publications ISBN 803973292 £ 16.50.” British Journal of Midwifery 6 (8). https://doi.org/10.12968/bjom.1998.6.8.540b.
Sari, Eva Dwi Kumala, Muhamad Rosadi, Mahmudah Nur, and Saeful Bahri. 2020. “Literasi Keagamaan Mahasiswa Di Perguruan Tinggi Keagamaan Islam Negeri UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.” Jurnal Emanasi, Jurnal Ilmu Keislaman Dan Sosial 3 (1).
Setara Institute. 2021. “KONDISI KEBEBASAN BERAGAMA/BERKEYAKINAN DI INDONESIA 2021.” Https://Setara-Institute.Org/. 2021.
Setara-Institute. 2023. “Indeks Kota Toleran Tahun 2022.” SETARA Institute for Democracy and Peace, Jakarta, no. April.
Subhan, Subhan. 2019. “GOVERNANCE: PERUBAHAN PARADIGMA PADA PENYELENGGARAAN PEMERINTAHAN.” SOSFILKOM : Jurnal Sosial, Filsafat Dan Komunikasi 13 (01). https://doi.org/10.32534/jsfk.v13i01.1456.
Subhi Muhammad. 2019. “Promosi Toleransi Dan Moderasi Beragama.” Muhammad Subhi.
Wardah, Fathiyah. 2023. “Setara Institute: Jumlah Pelajar Yang Intoleran Aktif Meningkat, 83% Nilai Pancasila Bisa Diganti.” VOA Indonesia. 2023.
Wikanda, Fauji, Mohd. Hatta, and Abdullah Abdullah. 2020. “FKUB’s Communication Strategy in Mantaining Religious Harmony in Medan.” Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences 3 (3). https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v3i3.1083.
Yujie, Zhang, Megat Al Imran Yasin, Syed Agil Bin Shekh Alsagoff, and Ang Lay Hoon. 2022. “The Mediating Role of New Media Engagement in This Digital Age.” Frontiers in Public Health 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.879530.
Zaenuri, Muchamad. 2014. “Mengelola Pariwisata-Bencana: Perlunya Perubahan Paradigma Pengeloaan Pariwisata Dari Adaptive Governance Menuju Collaborative Governance.” Unisia 36 (81). https://doi.org/10.20885/unisia.vol36.iss81.art6.
ZAINAL ABIDIN BAGIR AND HUSNI MUBAROK. 2021. “Religious Freedom, Harmony or Moderation? Government Attempts to Manage Diversity,” November 1, 2021.
Adawiyah, Rabiah Al, Clara Ignatia Tobing, and Otih Handayani. 2021. “Pemahaman Moderasi Beragama Dan Prilaku Intoleran Terhadap Remaja Di Kota-Kota Besar Di Jawa Barat.” Jurnal Keamanan Nasional 6 (2). https://doi.org/10.31599/jkn.v6i2.470.
Alfiandri, Alfiandri, and Bambang Irawan. 2023. “Collaborative Governance in Mangrove Ecotourism Policy on Bintan Island Coastal Approach of Penta Helix.” Jurnal Manajemen Pelayanan Publik 7 (1). https://doi.org/10.24198/jmpp.v7i1.49066.
Amalputra, Happy Pebruman Fadjaruddin, Heru Nurasa, Benedictus Kombaitan, and Sinta Ningrum. 2023. “Collaborative Governance in the Bandung Basin Urban Area: A Case Study of Bandung Basin Urban Management Agency.” Jurnal Manajemen Pelayanan Publik 6 (2). https://doi.org/10.24198/jmpp.v6i2.45619.
Aspers, Patrik, and Ugo Corte. 2019. “What Is Qualitative in Qualitative Research.” Qualitative Sociology 42 (2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11133-019-9413-7.
Borin, Elena, and Giulia Fantini. 2023. “Participatory Governance as a Success Factor in Equity Crowdfunding Campaigns for Cultural Heritage.” Journal of Risk and Financial Management 16 (3). https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm16030172.
Bua, Adrian, and Sonia Bussu. 2021. “Between Governance-Driven Democratisation and Democracy-Driven Governance: Explaining Changes in Participatory Governance in the Case of Barcelona.” European Journal of Political Research 60 (3). https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12421.
Bussu, Sonia, Adrian Bua, Rikki Dean, and Graham Smith. 2022. “Introduction: Embedding Participatory Governance.” Critical Policy Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/19460171.2022.2053179.
Creswell, J W. 2003. “A Framework for Design. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches.” Political Science & Politics 44 (04).
Creswell, W John, and J David Creswell. 2018. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative Adn Mixed Methods Approaches. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling. Vol. 53.
Dr. Serhart Kurt. 2020. “Lev Vygotsky - Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive Development .” Educational Technology .
Ebrahimi, Mansoureh, Kamaruzaman Yusoff, and Rozmi Ismail. 2021. “Middle East and African Student (MEAS) Perceptions of Islam and Islamic Moderation: A Case Study.” Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies 11 (1). https://doi.org/10.18326/IJIMS.V11I1.55-80.
Fathiyah, Wardah. 2017. “Setara Institute: 97 Kasus Penistaan Agama Terjadi Di Indonesia.” VOA Indonesia, 2017.
Flambonita, Suci. 2021. “THE CONCEPT OF LEGAL PLURALISM IN INDONESIA IN THE NEW SOCIAL MOVEMENT.” Jurnal Analisa Sosiologi 10 (3). https://doi.org/10.20961/jas.v10i0.45939.
Hadisaputra, Prosmala. 2020. “IMPLEMENTASI PENDIDIKAN TOLERANSI DI INDONESIA.” Dialog 43 (1). https://doi.org/10.47655/dialog.v43i1.355.
Hafiz, Abdul, Leli Romdaniah, Rasya Ahmad Nizar, and Syifa Mauliza. 2024. “Toleransi Beragama Dalam Masyarakat Plural : Inisiatif Pendidikan, Kebijakan Publik, Dan Peran Media Dalam Membentuk Sikap Toleransi.” Rayah Al-Islam 8 (1). https://doi.org/10.37274/rais.v8i1.916.
Hammerschmid, Gerhard, Enora Palaric, Maike Rackwitz, and Kai Wegrich. 2024. “A Shift in Paradigm? Collaborative Public Administration in the Context of National Digitalization Strategies.” Governance 37 (2). https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12778.
Hancock, Beverley, Elizabeth Ockleford, Kate Windridge, and East Midlands. 2007. “An Introduction to Qualitative Research The NIHR RDS for The.” The NIHR RDS EM / YH.
Haris, Subhan. 2019. “Governance : Perubahan Paradigma.” Sosfilkom 8 (1).
Hayat, Hayat. 2020. “Paradigma Good Governance Menuju Shared Governance Melalui Reformasi Birokrasi Dan Inovasi Pelayanan Publik.” ARISTO 8 (1). https://doi.org/10.24269/ars.v8i1.2270.
Hitchings, Russell, and Alan Latham. 2020. “Qualitative Methods II: On the Presentation of ‘Geographical Ethnography.’” Progress in Human Geography 44 (5). https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132519879986.
Huda, M. Thoriqul. 2021. “Pengarusutamaan Moderasi Beragama; Strategi Tantangan Dan Peluang FKUB Jawa Timur.” Tribakti: Jurnal Pemikiran Keislaman 32 (2). https://doi.org/10.33367/tribakti.v32i2.1745.
Hutabarat, Binsar Antoni, and H. Hans Panjaitan. 2017. “Tingkat Toleransi Antaragama Di Masyarakat Indonesia.” Societas Dei: Jurnal Agama Dan Masyarakat 3 (1). https://doi.org/10.33550/sd.v3i1.28.
Ishtiaq, Muhammad. 2019. “Book Review Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches (4th Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.” English Language Teaching 12 (5). https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v12n5p40.
Ismanto, Slamet Usman, Dian Indira, and Meilanny Budiarti Santoso. 2023. “Community Involvement Based on Community-Based Tourism Principles in the Development of Area-Based Tourism in Cirebon Regency.” Jurnal Manajemen Pelayanan Publik 6 (2). https://doi.org/10.24198/jmpp.v6i2.45278.
Junaedi, Edi. 2022. “MODERASI BERAGAMA DALAM TINJAUAN KRITIS KEBEBASAN BERAGAMA.” Harmoni 21 (2). https://doi.org/10.32488/harmoni.v21i2.641.
Lestari, Dewi Tika. 2020. “Membangun Harmoni Sosial Melalui Musik Dalam Ekspresi Budaya Orang Basudara Di Maluku.” Panggung 30 (3). https://doi.org/10.26742/panggung.v30i3.1267.
McMullan, John. 2020. “A New Understanding of ‘New Media’: Online Platforms as Digital Mediums.” Convergence 26 (2). https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856517738159.
Merriam, B Tisdell, E. 2016. Qualitative Research A Guide to Design and Implementation. The Jossey-Bass Higher and Adult Education Series. Vol. 112.
Miharja, Deni, and Mulyana Mulyana. 2019. “Peran FKUB Dalam Menyelesaikan Konflik Keagamaan Di Jawa Barat.” Religious: Jurnal Studi Agama-Agama Dan Lintas Budaya 2.
Mykola, Alla, Viktoria Kornienko, Azad, and Svitlana. 2020. “The Paradigm of Public Administration and Its Development in Conditions of State Formation and Changes.” International Journal of Economics and Business Administration VIII (Special Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.35808/ijeba/535.
Otani, Takashi. 2017. “What Is Qualitative Research?” Yakugaku Zasshi. https://doi.org/10.1248/yakushi.16-00224-1.
Pengsuwan, Parin, and Sirirat Choonhaklai. 2019. “Paradigms of Public Administration and Development of Thai Modern Bureaucracy over Five Decades.” Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences 40 (1). https://doi.org/10.34044/j.kjss.2019.40.1.08.
Pitman, Mary Anne. 1998. “Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach:Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach.” Anthropology
Rahmat, Imdadun. 2021. “Jaminan Kebebasan Beragama Dan Berkeyakinan Di Indonesia.” Jurnal Hak Asasi Manusia 11 (11). https://doi.org/10.58823/jham.v11i11.86.
Sandall, Jane. 1998. “Research Methods Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach 1996 Joseph A Maxwell Applied Social Research Methods Series Volume 41 , Sage Publications ISBN 803973292 £ 16.50.” British Journal of Midwifery 6 (8). https://doi.org/10.12968/bjom.1998.6.8.540b.
Sari, Eva Dwi Kumala, Muhamad Rosadi, Mahmudah Nur, and Saeful Bahri. 2020. “Literasi Keagamaan Mahasiswa Di Perguruan Tinggi Keagamaan Islam Negeri UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.” Jurnal Emanasi, Jurnal Ilmu Keislaman Dan Sosial 3 (1).
Setara Institute. 2021. “KONDISI KEBEBASAN BERAGAMA/BERKEYAKINAN DI INDONESIA 2021.” Https://Setara-Institute.Org/. 2021.
Setara-Institute. 2023. “Indeks Kota Toleran Tahun 2022.” SETARA Institute for Democracy and Peace, Jakarta, no. April.
Subhan, Subhan. 2019. “GOVERNANCE: PERUBAHAN PARADIGMA PADA PENYELENGGARAAN PEMERINTAHAN.” SOSFILKOM : Jurnal Sosial, Filsafat Dan Komunikasi 13 (01). https://doi.org/10.32534/jsfk.v13i01.1456.
Subhi Muhammad. 2019. “Promosi Toleransi Dan Moderasi Beragama.” Muhammad Subhi.
Wardah, Fathiyah. 2023. “Setara Institute: Jumlah Pelajar Yang Intoleran Aktif Meningkat, 83% Nilai Pancasila Bisa Diganti.” VOA Indonesia. 2023.
Wikanda, Fauji, Mohd. Hatta, and Abdullah Abdullah. 2020. “FKUB’s Communication Strategy in Mantaining Religious Harmony in Medan.” Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences 3 (3). https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v3i3.1083.
Yujie, Zhang, Megat Al Imran Yasin, Syed Agil Bin Shekh Alsagoff, and Ang Lay Hoon. 2022. “The Mediating Role of New Media Engagement in This Digital Age.” Frontiers in Public Health 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.879530.
Zaenuri, Muchamad. 2014. “Mengelola Pariwisata-Bencana: Perlunya Perubahan Paradigma Pengeloaan Pariwisata Dari Adaptive Governance Menuju Collaborative Governance.” Unisia 36 (81). https://doi.org/10.20885/unisia.vol36.iss81.art6.
ZAINAL ABIDIN BAGIR AND HUSNI MUBAROK. 2021. “Religious Freedom, Harmony or Moderation? Government Attempts to Manage Diversity,” November 1, 2021.