Civil Liability for Losses Due to Autonomous Decisions of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Systems in Electronic Transactions in Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37680/ssa.10630Keywords:
Artificial Intelligence (AI); Electronic Transactions; Civil Liability; Electronic System OperatorsAbstract
The development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has driven the transformation of electronic transactions in Indonesia through the use of systems that are able to produce recommendations, predictions, and decisions autonomously. Although it provides various benefits in improving the efficiency and effectiveness of digital services, the use of AI also raises legal issues when the decisions it produces cause material and immaterial losses for users. This study aims to analyze the form of civil liability for losses arising from AI autonomous decisions in electronic transactions based on Indonesia's positive laws. This research is a normative legal research with a legislative, conceptual, and comparative approach. The legal materials used include laws and regulations, legal doctrines, and literature relevant to AI, electronic transactions, and civil liability. The results of the study show that AI has not been recognized as a legal subject in the Indonesian legal system so it cannot be held accountable independently. Liability for losses caused by AI autonomous decisions remains charged to humans or legal entities that have a relationship with the development, operation, supervision, and use of the system. The form of liability can be based on default if the loss arises in a contractual relationship, or unlawful acts if the loss occurs outside the contractual relationship. This study also found that the multi-layered liability model involving developers, Electronic System Operators, and users is the most appropriate model to be applied in the context of Indonesian law to ensure legal certainty, accountability, and protection for the aggrieved party.
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