Obstacles to Law Enforcement: The Use of Out-of-Court Resolutions in Domestic Violence and Abuse Cases in the United Kingdom
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Abstract
This research aims to examine the impact and effectiveness of the use of out-of-court resolution in cases of violence and domestic abuse in the UK and the implications for justice and victim protection. The research method uses a comprehensive literature review, varied data sources, and appropriate data collection and analysis techniques. This research involved the use of Freedom of Information Requests, interviews with experts, and qualitative and quantitative analysis to understand the use of out-of-court resolutions in cases of domestic violence and abuse in the UK. The result of this research is an in-depth study of the problem of domestic violence in the UK, which outlines the various forms of detrimental behavior that occur and the challenges faced in law enforcement. For example, Physical violence and emotional abuse are often interrelated, thus eroding the victim's self-confidence and leaving deep emotional wounds. By considering the concepts of restorative justice and community healing, this research highlights the complexity of handling domestic violence cases and the need for a thoughtful approach. Although there is healing potential in alternative approaches, criticism of their implementation emphasizes the need to consider the gender and power dynamics underlying violence.
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How to Cite
Eleanor, A. (2024). Obstacles to Law Enforcement: The Use of Out-of-Court Resolutions in Domestic Violence and Abuse Cases in the United Kingdom. AL-MANHAJ: Jurnal Hukum Dan Pranata Sosial Islam, 6(2), 345-358. https://doi.org/10.37680/almanhaj.v6i2.5056
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Lee, K. D. M., Rodriguez, L. M., Edwards, K. M., & Neal, A. M. (2020). Emotional dysregulation and intimate partner violence: A dyadic perspective. Psychology of violence, 10(2), 162.
Lloyd, A., & Borrill, J. (2020). Examining the effectiveness of restorative justice in reducing victims' post-traumatic stress. Psychological injury and law, 13(1), 77–89.
Mantler, T., Jackson, K. T., & Walsh, E. J. (2020). Critical discourse analysis of policies impacting the intersection of health and experiences of intimate partner violence for rural women in Ontario, Canada. Rural and remote health, 20(1), 186–196.
Marett, P. (2018). Information law in practice. Routledge.
Marshall, C. D. (2020). Restorative justice. Religion matters: The contemporary relevance of religion, 101–117.
Martinelli, T. F., Vander Laenen, F., Nagelhout, G. E., & van de Mheen, D. H. (2022). Addiction and recovery in Dutch governmental and practice-level drug policy: What is the problem represented to be? Journal of Drug Issues, 52(4), 547–567.
McGlynn, C., & Westmarland, N. (2019). Kaleidoscopic justice: Sexual violence and victim-survivors perceptions of justice. Social & Legal Studies, 28(2), 179–201.
McPhee, D., Hester, M., Bates, L., Lilley-Walker, S. J., & Patsios, D. (2022). Criminal justice responses to domestic violence and abuse in England: An analysis of case attrition and inequalities using police data. Policing and Society, 32(8), 963–980.
Mutendi, R. L. (2021). What are the legal responses to domestic violence in the UNITED KINGDOM? Master's thesis, Near East University Institute of Graduate Studies.
Oztemel, E., & Gursev, S. (2020). Literature review of Industry 4.0 and related technologies. Journal of intelligent manufacturing, 31(1), 127–182.
Pandey, A. (2021). Acid attack in India: A study of Legislative and Judicial protection to women.
Raghavan, C., Beck, C. J., Menke, J. M., & Loveland, J. E. (2019). Coercive controlling behaviors in intimate partner violence in male same-sex relationships: A mixed-methods study. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 31(3), 370–395.
Redman, K. A. (2019). "I wonder if we should even be doing it at all": An exploratory study of Family Violence Restorative Justice in cases of intimate partner violence—the University of Waikato.
Shannon, I., & Shannon, I. (2022). Protecting People, Particularly the Most Vulnerable. Chief Police Officers' Stories of Legitimacy: Power, Protection, Consent and Control, 81–128.
Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104, 333–339.
Thomas, J., Utley, J., Hong, S.-Y., Korkmaz, H., & Nugent, G. (2020). A Review of the Research. Handbook of Research on STEM Education.
Towl, G., & Walker, T. (2019). Tackling sexual violence at universities: An international perspective. Routledge.
Umbreit, M. (2023). Victim meets offender: The impact of restorative justice and mediation. Wipf and Stock Publishers.
Van Ness, D. W., Strong, K. H., Derby, J., & Parker, L. L. (2022). Restoring justice: An introduction to restorative justice. Routledge.
Walklate, S., Fitz-Gibbon, K., Maher, J., & McCulloch, J. (2020). The Emerald handbook of feminism, criminology, and social change. Emerald Publishing Limited.
Weare, S. (2021). "I feel permanently traumatized by it": Physical and emotional impacts reported by men forced to penetrate women in the United Kingdom. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(13–14), 6621–6646.
Westmarland, L., & Conway, S. (2020). Police ethics and integrity: Keeping the 'blue code ' of silence. International Journal of Police Science & Management, 22(4), 378–392.
Westmarland, N., McGlynn, C., & Humphreys, C. (2018). Using restorative justice approaches to police domestic violence and abuse. Journal of gender-based violence, 2(2), 339–358.
Winn, M. T. (2020). Justice on both sides: Transforming education through restorative justice. Harvard Education Press.
Wood, J. D. (2020). Private policing and public health: A neglected relationship. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 36(1), 19–38.
Worthy, B. (2021). Freedom of information: A state of the art. Research handbook on information policy, 220–237.
Bates, L., & Hester, M. (2020). No longer a civil matter? The design and use of protection orders for domestic violence in England and Wales. Journal of social welfare and family law, 42(2), 133–153.
Bishop, C., & Bettinson, V. (2018). Evidencing domestic violence*, including behavior that falls under the new offense of 'controlling or coercive behavior.' The International Journal of Evidence & Proof, 22(1), 3–29.
Brookes, D. R. (2019). Restorative justice and domestic violence. Available at SSRN 3756614.
Burns, C. J., & Sinko, L. (2023). Restorative justice for survivors of sexual violence experienced in adulthood: A scoping review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 24(2), 340–354.
Callaghan, J. E. M., Alexander, J. H., Sixsmith, J., & Fellin, L. C. (2018). Beyond "witnessing": Children's experiences of coercive control in domestic violence and abuse. Journal of interpersonal violence, 33(10), 1551–1581.
Chatha, S. A., & Ahmad, D. K. (2020). Socio-economic status and domestic violence: a study on married women in urban Lahore, Pakistan. South Asian Studies, 29(1).
Donovan, C., & Barnes, R. (2020). Queering narratives of domestic violence and abuse. Springer.
Duron, J. F., Johnson, L., Hoge, G. L., & Postmus, J. L. (2021). Observing coercive control beyond intimate partner violence: Examining the perceptions of professionals about common tactics used in victimization. Psychology of violence, 11(2), 144.
Edwards, L. C., Bryant, A. S., Keegan, R. J., Morgan, K., Cooper, S.-M., & Jones, A. M. (2018). 'Physical literacy and related constructs: A systematic review of empirical findings. Sports Medicine, 48, 659–682.
Fronius, T., Darling-Hammond, S., Persson, H., Guckenburg, S., Hurley, N., & Petrosino, A. (2019). Restorative Justice in US Schools: An Updated Research Review. WestEd.
Fuentes, L. S. (2020). Impact of a Culturally-Relevant Support Program and Latinx Adolescents' Help Seeking Services: An Academic-Latinx Community Service Partnership To Enhance Culturally Responsive Services for Latinx Immigrant Youth.
Gelsthorpe, L. (2020). Feminism and criminology. In Crime, Inequality and the State (hal. 412–434). Routledge.
Gibbons, P. (2019). The Freedom of Information Officer's Handbook. Facet Publishing.
Hague, G. (2021). History and memories of the domestic violence movement: We have come further than you think—policy Press.
Hammond, Q. N. (2018). Assessing the Experiences of Women Who Have Suffered Intimate Partner Violence Living in Shelters. Illinois State University.
Harman, J. J., KrUnited Kingdom, E., & Hines, D. A. (2018). Parental alienating behaviors: An unacknowledged form of family violence. Psychological bulletin, 144(12), 1275.
Harwood, J. (2019). 'We do not know what it is we do not know': how austerity has undermined the courts' access to information in child arrangements cases involving domestic abuse: Child and Family Law Quarterly, 31(4), 321.
Hester, M., & Lilley, S.-J. (2018). More than court support: Rape victims and specialist sexual violence services. International review of victimology, 24(3), 313–328.
KC, P. C. (2023). Information rights: a practitioner's guide to data protection, Freedom of Information, and other information rights. Bloomsbury Publishing.
Kingston, S., Elliott, A., & Thomas, T. (2018). 'Cost 'calculations as a barrier to gaining information under the Freedom of Information Act 2000 from the police in England and Wales. Policing and Society.
Lanni, A. (2021). Taking restorative justice seriously. Buff. L. Rev., 69, 635.
Lee, K. D. M., Rodriguez, L. M., Edwards, K. M., & Neal, A. M. (2020). Emotional dysregulation and intimate partner violence: A dyadic perspective. Psychology of violence, 10(2), 162.
Lloyd, A., & Borrill, J. (2020). Examining the effectiveness of restorative justice in reducing victims' post-traumatic stress. Psychological injury and law, 13(1), 77–89.
Mantler, T., Jackson, K. T., & Walsh, E. J. (2020). Critical discourse analysis of policies impacting the intersection of health and experiences of intimate partner violence for rural women in Ontario, Canada. Rural and remote health, 20(1), 186–196.
Marett, P. (2018). Information law in practice. Routledge.
Marshall, C. D. (2020). Restorative justice. Religion matters: The contemporary relevance of religion, 101–117.
Martinelli, T. F., Vander Laenen, F., Nagelhout, G. E., & van de Mheen, D. H. (2022). Addiction and recovery in Dutch governmental and practice-level drug policy: What is the problem represented to be? Journal of Drug Issues, 52(4), 547–567.
McGlynn, C., & Westmarland, N. (2019). Kaleidoscopic justice: Sexual violence and victim-survivors perceptions of justice. Social & Legal Studies, 28(2), 179–201.
McPhee, D., Hester, M., Bates, L., Lilley-Walker, S. J., & Patsios, D. (2022). Criminal justice responses to domestic violence and abuse in England: An analysis of case attrition and inequalities using police data. Policing and Society, 32(8), 963–980.
Mutendi, R. L. (2021). What are the legal responses to domestic violence in the UNITED KINGDOM? Master's thesis, Near East University Institute of Graduate Studies.
Oztemel, E., & Gursev, S. (2020). Literature review of Industry 4.0 and related technologies. Journal of intelligent manufacturing, 31(1), 127–182.
Pandey, A. (2021). Acid attack in India: A study of Legislative and Judicial protection to women.
Raghavan, C., Beck, C. J., Menke, J. M., & Loveland, J. E. (2019). Coercive controlling behaviors in intimate partner violence in male same-sex relationships: A mixed-methods study. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 31(3), 370–395.
Redman, K. A. (2019). "I wonder if we should even be doing it at all": An exploratory study of Family Violence Restorative Justice in cases of intimate partner violence—the University of Waikato.
Shannon, I., & Shannon, I. (2022). Protecting People, Particularly the Most Vulnerable. Chief Police Officers' Stories of Legitimacy: Power, Protection, Consent and Control, 81–128.
Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104, 333–339.
Thomas, J., Utley, J., Hong, S.-Y., Korkmaz, H., & Nugent, G. (2020). A Review of the Research. Handbook of Research on STEM Education.
Towl, G., & Walker, T. (2019). Tackling sexual violence at universities: An international perspective. Routledge.
Umbreit, M. (2023). Victim meets offender: The impact of restorative justice and mediation. Wipf and Stock Publishers.
Van Ness, D. W., Strong, K. H., Derby, J., & Parker, L. L. (2022). Restoring justice: An introduction to restorative justice. Routledge.
Walklate, S., Fitz-Gibbon, K., Maher, J., & McCulloch, J. (2020). The Emerald handbook of feminism, criminology, and social change. Emerald Publishing Limited.
Weare, S. (2021). "I feel permanently traumatized by it": Physical and emotional impacts reported by men forced to penetrate women in the United Kingdom. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(13–14), 6621–6646.
Westmarland, L., & Conway, S. (2020). Police ethics and integrity: Keeping the 'blue code ' of silence. International Journal of Police Science & Management, 22(4), 378–392.
Westmarland, N., McGlynn, C., & Humphreys, C. (2018). Using restorative justice approaches to police domestic violence and abuse. Journal of gender-based violence, 2(2), 339–358.
Winn, M. T. (2020). Justice on both sides: Transforming education through restorative justice. Harvard Education Press.
Wood, J. D. (2020). Private policing and public health: A neglected relationship. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 36(1), 19–38.
Worthy, B. (2021). Freedom of information: A state of the art. Research handbook on information policy, 220–237.