Sulh (Resolution) of Family Dispute and its Application in The Shariah Courts of Malaysia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37680/almanhaj.v6i2.6087Keywords:
Sulh; Resolution; Family Dispute; Syariah Court; Islamic LawAbstract
The resolution of family disputes through Sulh in Malaysia's Shariah courts represents a pivotal area of research that promotes peaceful conflict resolution, preserves familial bonds, and aligns with Islamic teachings and legal principles. This study examines the effectiveness of Sulh as an alternative dispute resolution (ADR) mechanism, emphasizing its capacity to address family conflicts in a culturally sensitive manner. By analyzing data from the Shariah Judiciary Department of Malaysia, which reported a considerable number of successfully resolved Sulh cases in 2021, the research underscores its role in expediting resolutions and alleviating case backlogs in Shariah courts. While Sulh demonstrates notable successes, public confidence in it remains limited compared to traditional litigation methods. The study seeks to identify factors contributing to the success of Sulh, proposing strategies to enhance its accessibility, transparency, and fairness. By offering actionable insights for policymakers, legal practitioners, and court administrators, this research aims to strengthen the Shariah court system's capacity to deliver justice efficiently, foster amicable agreements, and reduce the burden of extended litigation. Furthermore, the findings provide a foundation for legislative and legal reforms, including the development of comprehensive laws, guidelines, and training programs tailored to Sulh procedures. Ultimately, this research aspires to elevate public awareness and acceptance of Sulh as an effective ADR mechanism within the Islamic legal framework, promoting its broader adoption and understanding among Malaysians.
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References
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Abdul Hak, N. (2015). Family Mediation and Sulh: An Alternative Dispute Resolution in Malaysia.
Abdul Hak, N., Mansor, A. M., & Che Soh, R. (2020). Resolution of Child Custody Dispute: Legislative Foundation and Contemporary Application of Sulh in the Shariah Court of Malaysia (Mediasi dalam Menyelesaikan Isu Penjagaan Kanak-Kanak: Asas Perundangan dan Aplikasi Sulh oleh Mahkamah Syariah di Malaysia). Journal of Islam in Asia (E-ISSN 2289- 8077), 17(3), 150–169.
Adnan, W. A. W., & Buang, A. H. (2019). PELAKSANAAN ṢULḤ DALAM KES MELIBATKAN TUNTUTAN HARTANAH ORANG-ORANG ISLAM DI MAHKAMAH SYARIAH DI
Ahmad Ibrahim. (1986). Shariah Court in Malaysia, Malayan Law Journal cxxxiii.
Ahmad Ibrahim. (1997). Family law in Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Malayan Law Journal.
Ahmad Ibrahim. (1999). Undang-undang keluarga Islam di Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur: Malayan Law Journal,
Ahmad, S. N., Abd Hamid, N., Abd Wahab, N. A., Ramli, R., Aziz, T. N. R. A., & Hashim, M. H. (2018). Preliminary Study on Online Sulh-Based Mediation Community. In 4th International Conference on Information Technology & Society (pp. 27-33).
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Asma Hakimah Ab Halim, Siti Naaishah Hambali, Fatimah Yusro Hashim, & Nazura Abdul Manap. (2020). Mediation in Islamic family law disputes: an overview & experience of the UKM Legal Aid and Mediation Centre. Current Legal Issues, 2, 14–20.
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Dharmayani, D., Hermanto, A., Hidayat, I. N., Rakhmat, R., & Setiawan, A. (2022). The Urgency of Mediation of the Religious Courts System on Islamic Law Perspective. Jurnal Mahkamah: Kajian Ilmu Hukum Dan Hukum Islam, 7(1), 15–30.
Folberg, Jay & Milne, Ann L, (1988). Divorce mediation-theory and practice. New York: The Guilford Press.
Folberg, Jay., Milne, Ann L & Salem, Peter. (2004). Divorce and family mediation models, techniques and applications. New York: The Guilford Press.
Gautam, R., Pradeep, K., Dean, Avinash, M., & Goswami, K. (2021). Mediation And Family Dispute Resolution Mechanism: A Case Study On Clinical Legal Education Mediation And Family Dispute Resolution. 20(3), 2490–2505.
Hassim, M. H., Ab Hamid, N. A., Ab Wahab, N., Aziz, N. R. A., Ramli, R., & Ahmad, S. N. (2019). Penyelesaian Pertikaian Alternatif Dalam Islam: Aplikasinya Terhadap Kes-Kes Kekeluargaan Dan Kehartaan Di Mahkamah Syariah. e-Jurnal Penyelidikan dan Inovasi.
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Jen-T’Chiang, N. Z. C. (2010). Court-Annexed Mediation in Resolving Disputes Relating to Family in Malaysia: What We Need To Know Before Go Forward? Malaysian Journal of Syariah and Law, 2.
Journal, 18(2).
Kajian kelewatan dalam pengendalian kes-kes perceraian di Mahkamah-Mahkamah Syariah di Negeri Selangor Darul Ehsan (1997-2002), research conducted by Pejabat Penasihat Undang-undang Negeri Selangor, Mahkamah Syariah Selangor, Jabatan kehakiman Syariah Malaysia, Jabatan Agama Islam Selangor and International Islamic University Malaysia.
Kumar, Ranjit. (2005). Research Methodology:A step-by-step Guide for Beginners. London: SAGE: Publication.
MALAYSIA: TINJAUAN TERHADAP KAJIAN LEPAS: The Implementation of á1¢ulḥ involving Real Estate Claims of Muslims in Shariah Court in Malaysia: A Survey of Previous Studies. Journal of Shariah Law Research, 4(1), 27–54.
Mamat, A. R., Noor, A. L. M., Musa, N. Y., Salman, A., & Ali, M. S. (2022). Keberkesanan Komunikasi Terapeutik Pegawai Khidmat Nasihat Keluarga Dalam Konflik Nafkah Perkahwinan Di Pantai Timur Malaysia: The Effectiveness of The Therapeutic Communication Of Family Consultants On Marriage Maintenance Conflict In The East Coast Of Malaysia. KQT EJurnal, 2(1), 83–93.
Masson, J.M., Judith M.., Bailey-Harris, R.J., Probert, R. & Cretney, S.M (2008). Principles of family law: Sweet & Maxwell.
Mimi Kamariah Majid. (1999). Family law in Malaysia. In Open WorldCat. Malayan Law Journal Sdn. Bhd.: Lexis Law Pub.
Mimi Kamariah Majid. (1999). Family law in Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Malayan Law Journal.
Mohd Na’im Bin Hj Mokhtar. (2001). Administration of family law in the Syariah Court. Malayan Law Journal. Vol. 3, lxxxi.
Mohd Sabri, M. N. A., & Ab Hamid, N. ‘Adha. (2021). SULH DAN PERDAMAIAN:
Moore, Christopher W. (1986). The Mediation process: practical strategies for resolving conflict. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Muhammad, R. W. (2012). THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF ṢULḤ (MEDIATION) IN THE MALAYSIAN SHARIAH COURTS. IIUM Law Journal, 16(1).
Mustafa Al-Khin et al. (1996). Al-Fiqh al-Manhaji ‘ala Mahhab al-Imam al-Shafi’i, Damascus: Dar al-Qalam.
N. (2019). ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION (ADR) VIA SULH PROCESSES. International Journal of Law, Government and Communication, 4(17), 25–33.
Nair, H. (n.d.). (2021). MANDATING MEDIATION IN RESOLVING FAMILY DISPUTES IN
Najibah Mohd Zin et. al (2009). Siri isu-isu Mahkamah Syariah: Undang-undang keluarga dan prosedur, Gombak: Department of Islamic Law AIKOL, IIUM.
Nor Hafizah (2003), Peranan dan tanggungjawab pegawai Sulh: satu kajian di Negeri Selangor. Unpublished academic exercise, Jabatan Syariah dan Undang-undang, Akademi Pengajian Islam, Universiti Malaya.
Qeersh Omar Aladdin, (2020). Dawr al-sulh ka'alyat li-himayat al-usrah 'ala daw' qanun al-usrah al- Jaza'iri wal-fiqh al-Islami. PhD Theses. Jamiah al-Masila.
Raihanah Azhari. (2005). Sulh dalam perundangan Islam: kajian di Jabatan Kehakiman Islam Selangor. Unpublished doctoral thesis, Akademi Pengajian Islam Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.
Ramizah Wan Muhammad. (2008). The Theory and Practice of Sulh (mediation in the Malaysian Syariah Court. Vol 16 IIUMLJ 33-48.
Ramlee, N., & Hidzam @ Muhd Bukhari, N. H. (2022). Amalan Sulh dalam Norma Baharu di Brunei dan Malaysia [The Practice of Sulh in The New Norm in Brunei and Malaysia]. Jurnal Islam Dan Masyarakat Kontemporari, 23(2), 54-67.
Research Journal of Shariah, Muamalat and Islam, 4(11), 10–19.
Sharif, M. (2019). Qualitative Juristic Analysis in Islamic Legal Studies. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 5(3), 203-219.
Shuaib, F. S. (2008). Constitutional restatement of parallel jurisdiction between civil courts and Syariah courts in Malaysia: Twenty years on (1988-2008). Malaysan Law Journal, 5, xxxiii–l.
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory (2nd ed.). Sage Publications.
Syasya, N. (2020). The Significance of Sulh in The Syariah Court. YUDISIA: Jurnal Pemikiran Hukum dan Hukum Islam. (11) 141-152.
The Department of Syariah Judiciary Malaysia. Retrieved 2nd February 2024 http://www,jksm.gov.my
The Malaysian Bar Council. Retrieved 2nd February 2024 <http://www.malaysianbar.org>.
THE MALAYSIAN CIVIL COURTS. 1 LNS(A) cxviii Legal Network Series 1.
Wahed, H. (2015). Sulh: Its application in Malaysia. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science Ver. II, 20(6), 71-79.
Zakariyah, L., Nurafiqah, S., & Saparti, S. (n.d.). High-Rate Divorce among Muslims in Malaysia: A Study of Legal Reconciliation and Islamic Matrimonial Dispute Remedy.
Zakiyy, N., Mokhtar, M. F., & Hashim, H. (2022). EMOTIONAL DISORDER AS OBSTACLE TO SULH SETTLEMENT IN CHILD CUSTODY CASES IN MALAYSIA. International
Zuhaili, W., & Dr. Ahmad Shahbari Salamon. (1999). Fiqh & Perundangan Islam Jilid V. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Abd Rahman Shah, H., Norfadhilah Mohd Ali, Norsuhaida Che Musa, Yaakob, A., & Mustafa ’Afifi Ab Halim. (2022). Sulh dan Mediasi Dalam Talian dalam Konflik Kekeluargaan di Mahkamah Syariah Malaysia: Prospek dan Cabaran Norma Baharu. Ulum Islamiyyah, 34(3), 1-14.
Abdul Hak, N. (2005). Reconciliation and conciliation in Malaysia: a review of the relevant provisions of Law Reform Marriage (Marriage and Divorce) 1976 and their practice. Paper presented at 9th Australian Institute of Family Studies Conference.
Abdul Hak, N. (2015). Family Mediation and Sulh: An Alternative Dispute Resolution in Malaysia.
Abdul Hak, N., Mansor, A. M., & Che Soh, R. (2020). Resolution of Child Custody Dispute: Legislative Foundation and Contemporary Application of Sulh in the Shariah Court of Malaysia (Mediasi dalam Menyelesaikan Isu Penjagaan Kanak-Kanak: Asas Perundangan dan Aplikasi Sulh oleh Mahkamah Syariah di Malaysia). Journal of Islam in Asia (E-ISSN 2289- 8077), 17(3), 150–169.
Adnan, W. A. W., & Buang, A. H. (2019). PELAKSANAAN ṢULḤ DALAM KES MELIBATKAN TUNTUTAN HARTANAH ORANG-ORANG ISLAM DI MAHKAMAH SYARIAH DI
Ahmad Ibrahim. (1986). Shariah Court in Malaysia, Malayan Law Journal cxxxiii.
Ahmad Ibrahim. (1997). Family law in Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Malayan Law Journal.
Ahmad Ibrahim. (1999). Undang-undang keluarga Islam di Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur: Malayan Law Journal,
Ahmad, S. N., Abd Hamid, N., Abd Wahab, N. A., Ramli, R., Aziz, T. N. R. A., & Hashim, M. H. (2018). Preliminary Study on Online Sulh-Based Mediation Community. In 4th International Conference on Information Technology & Society (pp. 27-33).
Ahmad, S., & Abdul Hak, N. (2012). ṢULḤ (MEDIATION) IN THE STATE OF SELANGOR: AN ANALYSIS OF LEGAL PROVISION AND ITS APPLICATION. IIUM Law
Al-Bukhari. Abu ‘Abd Alah Muhammad bin Ismail. (n.d). Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Sulh. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr.
Alghafli, S. (2016). Juristic Methods in Islamic Law. Journal of Islamic Studies, 12(2), 123-145.
Al-Kasani, ‘Ala al-Din Abi Bakr bin Mas’ud. (1986). Badai al-Sanai fi Tartib al-Syarai, 2nd ed., Dar al-Kutub al-‘Arabi.
Al-Shafi’i, Muhammad ibn Idris. (1993). Al-Umm, Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah.
Al-Syarbini, Sheikh Muhammad al-Khatib (n.d). Mughni al-muhtaj bi syarh al-minhaj. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr.
APLIKASINYA MENURUT PERSPEKTIF ISLAM. International Journal of Law, Government and Communication, 6(24), 76–83.
Asma Hakimah Ab Halim, Siti Naaishah Hambali, Fatimah Yusro Hashim, & Nazura Abdul Manap. (2020). Mediation in Islamic family law disputes: an overview & experience of the UKM Legal Aid and Mediation Centre. Current Legal Issues, 2, 14–20.
Azahari, R. H. (2008). Sulh dalam kes kekeluargaan Islam: Penerbit Universiti Malaya.
Bin, H., Farishah, M., Mohd, B., Ii, M., Chow, N., & T'chiang Iii, J. (2021). Mekanisme Pelaksanaan Majlis Sulh Di Jabatan Kehakiman Syariah Negeri Sembilan. Seminar Antarabangsa Islam dan Sains.
Brown, D. (1982). Divorce and family mediation: History, review, future directions. Conciliation Courts Review, 2(2), 1-44.
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.). (1994). Handbook of qualitative research: Sage Publications, Inc.at 2.
Dharmayani, D., Hermanto, A., Hidayat, I. N., Rakhmat, R., & Setiawan, A. (2022). The Urgency of Mediation of the Religious Courts System on Islamic Law Perspective. Jurnal Mahkamah: Kajian Ilmu Hukum Dan Hukum Islam, 7(1), 15–30.
Folberg, Jay & Milne, Ann L, (1988). Divorce mediation-theory and practice. New York: The Guilford Press.
Folberg, Jay., Milne, Ann L & Salem, Peter. (2004). Divorce and family mediation models, techniques and applications. New York: The Guilford Press.
Gautam, R., Pradeep, K., Dean, Avinash, M., & Goswami, K. (2021). Mediation And Family Dispute Resolution Mechanism: A Case Study On Clinical Legal Education Mediation And Family Dispute Resolution. 20(3), 2490–2505.
Hassim, M. H., Ab Hamid, N. A., Ab Wahab, N., Aziz, N. R. A., Ramli, R., & Ahmad, S. N. (2019). Penyelesaian Pertikaian Alternatif Dalam Islam: Aplikasinya Terhadap Kes-Kes Kekeluargaan Dan Kehartaan Di Mahkamah Syariah. e-Jurnal Penyelidikan dan Inovasi.
Ibn ‘Irfah al-Dusuqi, (n.d). Hasyiah al-Dusuqi ‘ala al-Syarh al-Kabir, Beirut: Dar al-Fikr.
Jen-T’Chiang, N. Z. C. (2010). Court-Annexed Mediation in Resolving Disputes Relating to Family in Malaysia: What We Need To Know Before Go Forward? Malaysian Journal of Syariah and Law, 2.
Journal, 18(2).
Kajian kelewatan dalam pengendalian kes-kes perceraian di Mahkamah-Mahkamah Syariah di Negeri Selangor Darul Ehsan (1997-2002), research conducted by Pejabat Penasihat Undang-undang Negeri Selangor, Mahkamah Syariah Selangor, Jabatan kehakiman Syariah Malaysia, Jabatan Agama Islam Selangor and International Islamic University Malaysia.
Kumar, Ranjit. (2005). Research Methodology:A step-by-step Guide for Beginners. London: SAGE: Publication.
MALAYSIA: TINJAUAN TERHADAP KAJIAN LEPAS: The Implementation of á1¢ulḥ involving Real Estate Claims of Muslims in Shariah Court in Malaysia: A Survey of Previous Studies. Journal of Shariah Law Research, 4(1), 27–54.
Mamat, A. R., Noor, A. L. M., Musa, N. Y., Salman, A., & Ali, M. S. (2022). Keberkesanan Komunikasi Terapeutik Pegawai Khidmat Nasihat Keluarga Dalam Konflik Nafkah Perkahwinan Di Pantai Timur Malaysia: The Effectiveness of The Therapeutic Communication Of Family Consultants On Marriage Maintenance Conflict In The East Coast Of Malaysia. KQT EJurnal, 2(1), 83–93.
Masson, J.M., Judith M.., Bailey-Harris, R.J., Probert, R. & Cretney, S.M (2008). Principles of family law: Sweet & Maxwell.
Mimi Kamariah Majid. (1999). Family law in Malaysia. In Open WorldCat. Malayan Law Journal Sdn. Bhd.: Lexis Law Pub.
Mimi Kamariah Majid. (1999). Family law in Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Malayan Law Journal.
Mohd Na’im Bin Hj Mokhtar. (2001). Administration of family law in the Syariah Court. Malayan Law Journal. Vol. 3, lxxxi.
Mohd Sabri, M. N. A., & Ab Hamid, N. ‘Adha. (2021). SULH DAN PERDAMAIAN:
Moore, Christopher W. (1986). The Mediation process: practical strategies for resolving conflict. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Muhammad, R. W. (2012). THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF ṢULḤ (MEDIATION) IN THE MALAYSIAN SHARIAH COURTS. IIUM Law Journal, 16(1).
Mustafa Al-Khin et al. (1996). Al-Fiqh al-Manhaji ‘ala Mahhab al-Imam al-Shafi’i, Damascus: Dar al-Qalam.
N. (2019). ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION (ADR) VIA SULH PROCESSES. International Journal of Law, Government and Communication, 4(17), 25–33.
Nair, H. (n.d.). (2021). MANDATING MEDIATION IN RESOLVING FAMILY DISPUTES IN
Najibah Mohd Zin et. al (2009). Siri isu-isu Mahkamah Syariah: Undang-undang keluarga dan prosedur, Gombak: Department of Islamic Law AIKOL, IIUM.
Nor Hafizah (2003), Peranan dan tanggungjawab pegawai Sulh: satu kajian di Negeri Selangor. Unpublished academic exercise, Jabatan Syariah dan Undang-undang, Akademi Pengajian Islam, Universiti Malaya.
Qeersh Omar Aladdin, (2020). Dawr al-sulh ka'alyat li-himayat al-usrah 'ala daw' qanun al-usrah al- Jaza'iri wal-fiqh al-Islami. PhD Theses. Jamiah al-Masila.
Raihanah Azhari. (2005). Sulh dalam perundangan Islam: kajian di Jabatan Kehakiman Islam Selangor. Unpublished doctoral thesis, Akademi Pengajian Islam Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.
Ramizah Wan Muhammad. (2008). The Theory and Practice of Sulh (mediation in the Malaysian Syariah Court. Vol 16 IIUMLJ 33-48.
Ramlee, N., & Hidzam @ Muhd Bukhari, N. H. (2022). Amalan Sulh dalam Norma Baharu di Brunei dan Malaysia [The Practice of Sulh in The New Norm in Brunei and Malaysia]. Jurnal Islam Dan Masyarakat Kontemporari, 23(2), 54-67.
Research Journal of Shariah, Muamalat and Islam, 4(11), 10–19.
Sharif, M. (2019). Qualitative Juristic Analysis in Islamic Legal Studies. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 5(3), 203-219.
Shuaib, F. S. (2008). Constitutional restatement of parallel jurisdiction between civil courts and Syariah courts in Malaysia: Twenty years on (1988-2008). Malaysan Law Journal, 5, xxxiii–l.
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory (2nd ed.). Sage Publications.
Syasya, N. (2020). The Significance of Sulh in The Syariah Court. YUDISIA: Jurnal Pemikiran Hukum dan Hukum Islam. (11) 141-152.
The Department of Syariah Judiciary Malaysia. Retrieved 2nd February 2024 http://www,jksm.gov.my
The Malaysian Bar Council. Retrieved 2nd February 2024 <http://www.malaysianbar.org>.
THE MALAYSIAN CIVIL COURTS. 1 LNS(A) cxviii Legal Network Series 1.
Wahed, H. (2015). Sulh: Its application in Malaysia. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science Ver. II, 20(6), 71-79.
Zakariyah, L., Nurafiqah, S., & Saparti, S. (n.d.). High-Rate Divorce among Muslims in Malaysia: A Study of Legal Reconciliation and Islamic Matrimonial Dispute Remedy.
Zakiyy, N., Mokhtar, M. F., & Hashim, H. (2022). EMOTIONAL DISORDER AS OBSTACLE TO SULH SETTLEMENT IN CHILD CUSTODY CASES IN MALAYSIA. International
Zuhaili, W., & Dr. Ahmad Shahbari Salamon. (1999). Fiqh & Perundangan Islam Jilid V. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
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2024-12-14
How to Cite
Binti Che Adnan, N. N. (2024). Sulh (Resolution) of Family Dispute and its Application in The Shariah Courts of Malaysia. AL-MANHAJ: Jurnal Hukum Dan Pranata Sosial Islam, 6(2), 455–468. https://doi.org/10.37680/almanhaj.v6i2.6087
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