Registering Underground Rights: Evaluating Deed Standards and Evidence Post-GR 18/2021
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37680/almanhaj.v8i2.9548Keywords:
Underground Space Rights; Authentic Deeds; Notary; Legal CertaintyAbstract
Legal certainty regarding the registration of underground space rights remains a critical challenge in Palu City. This issue stems from unclear evidentiary proof of ownership, a lack of standardized authentic deeds, and the absence of an optimal three-dimensional (3D) land administration system. This study analyzes the standard of deeds that Notaries must prepare for agreements granting underground space rights to ensure legal certainty for all parties. Using a normative legal method with statutory and secondary approaches, the study evaluates the formal legal aspects and official authority outlined in Government Regulation Number 18 of 2021. The results indicate that while this regulation significantly advances Indonesian agrarian law by recognizing underground space as a new legal object, its practical implementation faces severe normative and technical obstacles—particularly in 3D mapping and the formulation of standardized deeds. Consequently, this study concludes that establishing explicit standards for authentic Notarial deeds and developing a robust 3D land registration system are urgent prerequisites for achieving true legal certainty.
References
Ahadi, L. M. A. (2022). Efektivitas Hukum dalam Perspektif Filsafat Hukum: Relasi Urgensi Sosialisasi Terhadap Eksistensi Produk Hukum. Jurnal Usm Law Review, 5(1), 110–127. Https://Doi.Org/10.26623/Julr.V5i1.4965
Akbar. (2021). Tinjauan Hukum Ekonomi Syariah Terhadap Program Pendaftaran Tanah Sistematis Lengkap (Ptsl) (Studi Kantor Badan Pertanahan Nasional Kota Palu) Skripsi. Http://Repository.Uindatokarama.Ac.Id/Id/Eprint/2802/1/Skripsi%20akbar%20173070015.Pdf
Al Ismariy, M. N. K., Mustofa, H. A., Baiquni, M., & Prasetyo, J. D. (2026). Paradigma Metodologis dan Epistemologis Penelitian Kuantitatif dan Kualitatif dalam Konstruksi Karya Ilmiah Akademik. Jpehi (Jurnal Penelitian Hukum Indonesia), 7(01), 534. Https://Doi.Org/10.61689/Jpehi.V7i01.1115
Amelia, S. (2023). Progressive Legal Approach to Modern Community Law Enforcement in Indonesia. Pancasila and Law Review, 4(1), 1–14. Https://Doi.Org/10.25041/Plr.V4i1.2729
Amin Amirudin & Dwi Fidhayanti. (2025). Ratio Decidendi of Judges’ Decisions on the Use of Foreign Language Agreements in Indonesia. Journal of Judicial Review, 27(1), 23–50. Https://Doi.Org/10.37253/Jjr.V27i1.10405
Angel, S. (2023). Urban Expansion: Theory, Evidence and Practice. Buildings and Cities, 4(1), 124–138. Https://Doi.Org/10.5334/Bc.348
Ansori, M., Permadi, I., & Supriyadi. (2024). The Legal Construction of Land Boundary Designation: Efforts to Prevent Disputes in Land Administration. Legal Horizons, 23(4), 29–39. Https://Doi.Org/10.54477/Lh.25192353.2024.4.Pp.29-39
Arliman S, L. (2018). Peranan Metodologi Penelitian Hukum di dalam Perkembangan Ilmu Hukum di Indonesia. Soumatera Law Review, 1(1), 112. Https://Doi.Org/10.22216/Soumlaw.V1i1.3346
Avivah, L. N., Sutaryono, S., & Andari, D. W. T. A. (2022). Pentingnya Pendaftaran Tanah Untuk Pertama Kali dalam Rangka Perlindungan Hukum Kepemilikan Sertifikat Tanah. Tunas Agraria, 5(3), 197–210. Https://Doi.Org/10.31292/Jta.V5i3.186
Ayu, I. K., & Heriawanto, B. K. (2019). Perbandingan Pelaksanaan Program Nasional Agraria dan Pendaftaran Tanah Sistematis Lengkap di Kota Batu. Jurnal Hukum dan Kenotariatan, 3(2), 277. Https://Doi.Org/10.33474/Hukeno.V3i2.3375
Budiana, B., Maulana, G. A. S., Anugrah, D., Dani, M., & Sondakh, E. (2026). Yurisometry as an Alternative Approach in Normative Legal Research in Indonesia: A Conceptual Study. Indonesian Journal of Law and Economics Review, 21(2). Https://Doi.Org/10.21070/Ijler.V21i2.1492
Cahyadi, G. D., Sukandia, I. N., & Renaya, N. (2024). Legal Status of Authentic Deed Confidentiality Drafted Before Notary With Sworn Translators. Journal of Court and Justice, 70–88. Https://Doi.Org/10.56943/Jcj/V3i3/601
Disemadi, H. S. (2022). Lenses of Legal Research: A Descriptive Essay on Legal Research Methodologies. Journal of Judicial Review, 24(2), 289–304. Https://Doi.Org/10.37253/Jjr.V24i2.7280
Djabbarudin, A. (2020). Cadastral Surveyor in the Land Registration System in Indonesia: Current Developments. Journal of Law and Legal Reform, 1(4). Https://Doi.Org/10.15294/Jllr.V1i4.39889
Djaja, B., & Ramadhan, F. F. (2023). Land Rights in the Basement. International Journal of Application on Social Science and Humanities, 1(1), 1250–1258. Https://Doi.Org/10.24912/Ijassh.V1i1.25803
Döner, F. (2021). Analysis Of Literature On 3d Cadastre. International Journal of Engineering and Geosciences, 6(2), 90–97. Https://Doi.Org/10.26833/Ijeg.703244
Dwiyatmi, S. H., Hutajulu, M. J., Novitasari, S., & Amitha, E. N. C. (2025). The New Regulations on Land Management Rights (Hpl) to Increase Investment. Pena Justisia: Media Komunikasi dan Kajian Hukum, 24(1), 7742–7760. Https://Doi.Org/10.31941/Pj.V24i1.7125
Falahiyati, N., Yamin, M., Maria, S., O., & Rosmalinda, R. (2024). Protection of Land Rights Holders in The Utilization of Underground Space. in G. W. Pradana, D. F. Eprilianto, D. Perwitasari, R. Riyadi, Moh. Mudzakkir, & S. Megawati (Eds.), Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Social Sciences and Law (Icssl 2024) (Vol. 877, Pp. 1013–1020). Atlantis Press Sarl. Https://Doi.Org/10.2991/978-2-38476-303-0_89
Ginting, D. (2022). A Comparison of the Ideal Agrarian Reform Law to be Implemented in Indonesia. Jurnal Wawasan Yuridika, 6(2), 197–214. Https://Doi.Org/10.25072/Jwy.V6i2.544
Gunanegara, G. (2022). Kebijakan Negara pada Pengaturan Hak Atas Tanah Pasca Undang-Undang Cipta Kerja. Refleksi Hukum: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 6(2), 161–184. Https://Doi.Org/10.24246/Jrh.2022.V6.I2.P161-184
Handayani, A A. (2019). Pendaftaran Tanah Melalui Program Pendaftaran Tanah Sistematis Lengkap (Ptsl). . . The Public Notary at Diponegoro University Publishes the Journal Notarius. Https://Doi.Org/10.14710/Nts.V12i1.28903
Hutchinson, T. (2015). The Doctrinal Method: Incorporating Interdisciplinary Methods in Reforming The Law. Erasmus Law Review, 8(3), 130–138. Https://Doi.Org/10.5553/Elr.000055
Jahani Chehrehbargh, F., Rajabifard, A., Atazadeh, B., & Steudler, D. (2024). Current Challenges and Strategic Directions for Modernizing Indonesia's Land Administration System. Journal of Spatial Science, 69(4), 1097–1129. Https://Doi.Org/10.1080/14498596.2024.2360531
Junaedi, N., Siradjz, D. A., & Prayuti, Y. (2025). Legal Certainty and the Suspension of Criminal Investigations Due to Civil Disputes in Indonesian Criminal Law Practice. Research Horizon, 5(4). Https://Doi.Org/10.54518/Rh.5.4.2025.719
Laitupa, S., Dewi Kartika, E., & Yasser Arafat J., F. (2022). Eksistensi Hukum Internasional Terhadap Hukum Nasional dalam Pembuatan Perjanjian Internasional. Amsir Law Journal, 3(2), 63–75. Https://Doi.Org/10.36746/Alj.V3i2.61
Marryanti, S., & Purbawa, Y. (2019). Optimalisasi Faktor–Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Keberhasilan Pendaftaran Tanah Sistematis Lengkap. Bhumi: Jurnal Agraria dan Pertanahan, 4(2), 190. Https://Doi.Org/10.31292/Jb.V4i2.278
Masnah, M. (2021). Implementasi Kebijakan Pendaftaran Tanah Sistematis Lengkap (Ptsl) di Kabupaten Muaro Jambi. Jurnal Renaissance, 6(2), 783. Https://Doi.Org/10.53878/Jr.V6i2.150
Mujiburohman, D. A. (2018). Potensi Permasalahan Pendaftaran Tanah Sistematik Lengkap (Ptsl). Bhumi: Jurnal Agraria dan Pertanahan, 4(1). Https://Doi.Org/10.31292/Jb.V4i1.217
Negara, T. A. S. (2023). Normative Legal Research in Indonesia: Its Origins and Approaches. Audito Comparative Law Journal (Aclj), 4(1), 1–9. Https://Doi.Org/10.22219/Aclj.V4i1.24855
Ngabut, R. A., & Silalahi, W. (2025). Reassessing Cartel Analysis: The Rule of Reason and Teleological Interpretation in Indonesian Competition Law. Journal of Business, Management, and Social Studies, 5(2), 70–76. Https://Doi.Org/10.53748/Jbms.V5i2.121
Nirahua, D. W., Saptenno, M. . J., Akyuwen, R. J., & Tjoanda, M. (2022). Study of Legal Regulation for the Utilization of Ownership Rights Above Land (Air Space). International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (Ijsrp), 12(8), 459–472. Https://Doi.Org/10.29322/Ijsrp.12.08.2022.P12855
Nurmegawati, N., Iskandar, I., & Sudarsono, S. (2019). Effect of Bottom Ash and Cow Manure Compost on Chemical Properties of Soil at New-Established Rice Field. Sains Tanah - Journal of Soil Science and Agroclimatology, 16(1), 1. Https://Doi.Org/10.20961/Stjssa.V16i1.22366
Paulsson, J., & Paasch, J. M. (2013). 3d Property Research From a Legal Perspective. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 40, 7–13. Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Compenvurbsys.2012.11.004
Rahmawati, N. (2022). Pendaftaran Tanah Berbasis Desa Lengkap. Tunas Agraria, 5(2), 127–141. Https://Doi.Org/10.31292/Jta.V5i2.177
Rohaini, E., & Jamilah, L. (2024). Regulation of Underground Space in Realizing Community Welfare and Legal Certainty for Investment. Journal La Sociale, 5(1), 209–223. Https://Doi.Org/10.37899/Journal-La-Sociale.V5i1.1022
Rohman, Moh. M., Mu'minin, N., Masuwd, M., & Elihami, E. (2024). Methodological Reasoning Finds Law Using Normative Studies (Theory, Approach, and Analysis of Legal Materials). Maqasidi: Jurnal Syariah dan Hukum, 204–221. Https://Doi.Org/10.47498/Maqasidi.V4i2.3379
Rudianto, H., & Heriyanto, M. (2022). Penerapan Program Pendaftaran Tanah Sistematis Lengkap (Ptsl) di Kabupaten Ngada. Jurnal Ilmiah Administrasi Pemerintahan Daerah, 14(1), 53–65. Https://Doi.Org/10.33701/Jiapd.V14i1.2705
Sadewo, E. (2018). Dampak Post-Suburbanisasi dan Pertumbuhan Perkotaan di Kawasan Pinggiran Metropolitan Jabodetabek Terhadap Kerentanan Bencana Banjir. Jurnal Green Growth dan Manajemen Lingkungan, 7(1), 1–21. Https://Doi.Org/10.21009/Jgg.071.01
Samuel T Ariaratnam & Bahaa Chammout. (2021). Underground Space Development Resulting From Increased Urban Migration. Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances, 8(2), 046–055. Https://Doi.Org/10.30574/Gjeta.2021.8.2.0093
Smits, J. M. (2017). What is Legal Doctrine?: on the Aims and Methods of Legal-Dogmatic Research. in R. Van Gestel, H.-W. Micklitz, & E. L. Rubin (Eds.), Rethinking Legal Scholarship (1st Ed., Pp. 207–228). Cambridge University Press. Https://Doi.Org/10.1017/9781316442906.006
Sudarmanto, K., Pranoto, E., & Jain, V. (2025). Electoral Law Reform in the Perspective of Responsive Justice: Comparative Law Between Indonesia, India, and Thailand. Sasi, 172–187. Https://Doi.Org/10.47268/Sasi.V31i2.2977
Sumarna, D., & Kadriah, A. (2023). Penelitian Kualitatif Terhadap Hukum Empiris. Jurnal Penelitian Serambi Hukum, 16(02), 101–113. Https://Doi.Org/10.59582/Sh.V16i02.730
Surahman Et Al. (2025). Penyuluhan Hukum dan Edukasi Interaktif Tentang Pentingnya Pendaftaran Kepemilikan Tanah di Kelurahan Besusu Tengah Kota Palu. Jurnal Abdi Masyarakat Indonesia (Jamsi), 05(02). Https://Doi.Org/:%2520https://Doi.Org/10.54082/Jamsi.1512
Syahdan, S., Baharuddin, H., & Ilyas, M. (2020). Pelaksanaan Pendaftaran Tanah oleh Pemerintah Melalui Program Pendaftaran Tanah Sistematis Lengkap (Ptsl). Journal of Lex Philosophy (Jlp), 1(2), 163–180. Https://Doi.Org/10.52103/Jlp.V1i2.270
Utomo, S. (2021). Perjalanan Reforma Agraria Bagian dari Amanah Konstitusi Negara. Veritas Et Justitia, 7(1), 115–138. Https://Doi.Org/10.25123/Vej.V7i1.3935
Wahyu Iswantoro, Tunggul Anshari Setia Negara, & Aan Eko Widiarto. (2025). Legal Implications of the Regulation of Material Legal Norms in a Supreme Court Regulation (Perma). Yurisdiksi : Jurnal Wacana Hukum dan Sains, 20(4), 556–571. Https://Doi.Org/10.55173/Yurisdiksi.V20i4.271
Wibowo, A. T., & Kinanggi, D. (2022). Analysis of the Job Creation Act (Uuck) Mandate Through Government Regulation Number 18 of 2021. Marcapada: Jurnal Kebijakan Pertanahan, 2(1), 1–11. Https://Doi.Org/10.31292/Mj.V2i1.21
Wiwin Marisa, S. M. (2025). The Role of the International Court of Justice in Resolving Disputes Between Sovereign States. Https://Doi.Org/10.5281/Zenodo.17555798
Zahratul Muna. (2024). Pendaftaran Hak Milik Atas Tanah Melalui Program Pendaftaran Tanah Sistematis Lengkap (Ptsl) (Studi Penelitian Kantor Pertanahan Kabupaten Aceh Utara). Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa (Jim-Fh, Volume Vii,(3). S: Https://Ojs.Unimal.Ac.Id/Jimfh/.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Maichal Andersen Tampoma, Sunardi Sunardi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright:
- Author retains the copyright and grants the journal the right of first publication of the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Author is able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book) with the acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Author is permitted and encouraged to post his/her work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of the published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
License:
-
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
-
No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
