Spiritualism Types and Implications of Saudi Arabian Cultural Transmission of Religious Moderation in Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37680/scaffolding.v8i1.8642Keywords:
Cultural Transmission, Moderation, Spiritualism, Saudi ArabiaAbstract
This study aims to systematically examine patterns of spiritualism and the impact of Saudi Arabian religious and cultural transmission on religious moderation in Indonesia through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR). The data consist of secondary qualitative data derived from peer-reviewed journal articles, academic proceedings, scholarly books, and research reports that examine Saudi Arabian religious-cultural influence, Islamic spiritualism, and religious moderation in Indonesia and the broader Asian Muslim context. Data sources were obtained from reputable academic databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, DOAJ, and Garuda Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education. The selected literature was published between 2019 and 2025 and written in either English or Indonesian. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 30 articles were deemed eligible and used as the primary corpus for analysis. Data collection was conducted through a systematic and multi-stage literature search strategy. Relevant keywords were identified through an initial scoping search and refined using Boolean operators (AND, OR) to enhance search precision. All retrieved publications were managed using reference management software (Mendeley) to organize citations and remove duplicates. Data analysis was performed using thematic synthesis, as developed by Thomas and Harden. The analytical process consisted of three main stages. First, line-by-line coding was applied to extract meaningful units related to cultural transmission, spiritualism, and religious moderation. Second, the initial codes were organized into descriptive themes that reflect recurring patterns across the literature. Third, analytical themes were developed through interpretative synthesis to generate conceptual insights into how Saudi Arabian cultural transmission interacts with local Indonesian socio-religious dynamics. This approach allows the integration of diverse methodological perspectives and facilitates the development of a comprehensive analytical framework that explains the relationship between transnational religious influence and religious moderation in Indonesia.
References
Abhiyoga, N., Yumitro, G., & Mutiara Deniar, S. (n.d.). Bibliometric Analysis of Studies on Salafism in Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v5i1.3741
Achmad, Z., Rahmat, M., & Kosasih, A. (2023). Religious Moderation of Islamic Religious Education Teachers in Pekanbaru City Against the Minority of Islamic Mazhab. Al-Ishlah: Jurnal Pendidikan, 15(2), 2518–2533. https://doi.org/10.35445/alishlah.v15i2.3168
Afwadzi, B., Sumbulah, U., Ali, N., & Qudsy, S. Z. (2024). Religious Moderation of Islamic University Students in Indonesia: Reception of Religious Texts. HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies, 80(1). https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v80i1.9369
Aidulsyah, F. (2023). The Rise of Urban Salafism in Indonesia: The Social Media and Pop Culture of New Indonesian Islamic Youth. Asian Journal of Social Science, 51(4), 252–259. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajss.2023.07.003
Al Qurtuby, S. (2021). Saudi Arabia and Indonesian Networks: On Islamic and Muslim Scholars. In Islam Nusantara: Vol. III (Issue 1).
Amri, Y., Febriandi, Y., & Da-Oh, P. (2024a). Religious Moderation Unveiled: The Intersection of Textual and Contextual Approaches to Understanding Indonesian Muslims. Miqot: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Keislaman, 48(1), 105–125. https://doi.org/10.30821/miqot.v48i1.1207
Andri Nirwana, A. N., Rifai, A., Ali, M., Ali Mustofa, T., Nur Vambudi, V., Nur Rochim Maksum, M., & Umar Budihargo, M. (2025). SWOT Analysis of AI Integration in Islamic Education: Cognitive, Affective, and Psychomotor Impacts. Qubahan Academic Journal, 5(1), 476–503. https://doi.org/10.48161/qaj.v5n1a1498
Arifin, M. (2022). The Traditionalism of the Islamic Boarding School Education System in the Era of Modernization. Scaffolding: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam dan Multikulturalisme, 4, 286–396. https://doi.org/10.37680/scaffolding.v4i1.1367
Azisi, A. M., Basyir, K., Najihuddin, M., Karimah, S., & Assyifa, U. H. (2023). Recontextualizing Interfaith Dialogue as an Implementation of Religious Moderation in the Modern Era: A Study of the Online-Based Inclusive Movement. FOKUS Jurnal Kajian Keislaman dan Kemasyarakatan, 8(1), 83. https://doi.org/10.29240/jf.v8i1.7461
Azman, Z., & Supriadi, S. (2025). The History of Islamization in Indonesia: Its Dynamics And Development. El-Ghiroh, 23(1), 67–82. https://doi.org/10.37092/el-ghiroh.v23i1.1092
Choiriyah, S., Noviani, D., Arifin, I., & Mubarak Bin Humaid, M. S. (2024). Implementation of Ushul Fiqh As a Legal Basis for Solving Sharia-Based Economic Problems. Profetika: Jurnal Studi Islam, 25(01), 67–82. https://doi.org/10.23917/profetika.v25i01.4127
Correspondent, [, & Jayanti, A. (2024). Brawijaya Soft Power Through Pilgrimage: Analyzing Saudi Arabia’s 2024 King Salman Omra Program in Indonesia. In Jurnal Transformasi Global (Vol. 11, Issue 2).
Dewi, O. S., Fata, A. K., & Fauzi, M. (2024). The Middle-Class Muslims’ Responses Toward the Salafi Da’wah: A Study on Hijrah Celebrities. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, 27(3), 277–290. https://doi.org/10.22146/jsp.72138
Dwiputra, R. S., & Ayuputri, I. M. (2024). The Impact of Islamic-Based Migrant Associations on the Indonesian Migrants in Nagoya, Japan. Jurnal Sosiologi Agama Indonesia (JSAI), 5(2), 209–229. https://doi.org/10.22373/jsai.v5i2.4423
Habibillah, P., & Asrohah, H. (n.d.). Millennial Muslim Women’s Fashion Harmony: Exploration of Fashion Trends from Conservative to Fashionable through a Religious Lens in Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.28918/jupe.v21i1.6905
Hardi, L., Krishna Jaya, C., & Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, U. (2024). Digitalization of Islamic Preaching Communication as a New Civilization in the Field of Islamic Preaching. Contemporary Journal of Applied Sciences (CJAS), 2(11), 853. https://doi.org/10.55927/cjas.v2i11.12803
Hasan, N. (2017). Religious diversity and Blasphemy Law: Understanding growing religious Conflict and intolerance in Post-Suharto Indonesia1. Al-Jami’ah, 55(1), 105–126. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2017.551.105-126
Hidayat, E., & Abadi, F. (2023)., Budaya Organisasi, Organizational Citizenship Behavior dan Perilaku Kerja Inovatif pada Perusahaan yang Bergerak dalam Bidang Transmisi dan Distribusi Gas …. Jurnal Darma Agung. https://jurnal.universitasdarmaagung.ac.id/jurnaluda/article/view/3730
Isma Indriyani UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta, P. (2023). Transformation of Islamic Religious Practices in the Digital Era: Opportunities and Challenges for Contemporary Da’wah (Vol. 24, Issue 2). doi.
Marzuki, Miftahuddin, & Murdiono, M. (2020). Multicultural Education in Salaf Pesantren and Prevention of Religious Radicalism in Indonesia. Cakrawala Pendidikan, 39(1), 12–25. https://doi.org/10.21831/cp.v39i1.22900
Masruroh, S. A., Mutmainah, S., Juanita, V., Aziz, M. A., & Huda, S. (2022). Manifestation of Religious Moderatism at Surabaya Multicultural Metropolitan Community. Jurnal Dakwah dan Sosial, 5(01), 127–148. https://doi.org/10.37680/muharrik.v5i01.1461
Maulidin, S., & Nawawi, M. L. (2024a). A Kearifan Lokal dalam Tradisi Keislaman: Memahami Kontribusi Budaya Islam di Indonesia: Local Wisdom in Islamic Traditions: Contributions to Islamic Culture in …. Isedu: Islamic …. https://jurnal.kalimasadagroup.com/index.php/ISEDU/article/view/1473
Maulidin, S., & Nawawi, M. L. (2024b). A Kearifan Lokal dalam Tradisi Keislaman: Memahami Kontribusi Budaya Islam di Indonesia: Local Wisdom in Islamic Traditions: Contributions to Islamic Culture in …. Isedu: Islamic …. https://jurnal.kalimasadagroup.com/index.php/ISEDU/article/view/1473
Nadia Nurfitria. (2023). Hybridisation of Muslim Millennials’ Religious Identity in the Digital Era. Digital Muslim Review, 1(1), 36–45. https://doi.org/10.32678/dmr.v1i1.5
Nafahatus, N., Al-Ulya, S., Jamil, A. N., Qomariyah, N., & Sahri, I. K. (2025). Digital Religious Literacy and Religious Moderation among Madrasah Students at in Batu City Digital Religious Literacy and Religious Moderation among Madrasah Students in Batu City: A Case Study. Indonesian Journal of Islamic Education, 12(2), 149. https://doi.org/10.17509/t.v12i2
Rosidi, I. (2024). Negotiating Salafi Islam Responses of Active Muslim Audiences to Hang Radio in Batam, Indonesia. Al-Jami’ah, 62(2), 387–408. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2024.622.387-408
Rozi, F., Jinan, M., & Nurani, I. A. (2025). The Paradigm of Religious Moderation in Building Moderate Islamic Education: Analysis of the Indonesian Ministry of Religion’s Concept of Religious Moderation. International Journal of Emerging Issues in Islamic Studies, 5(1), 64–78. https://doi.org/10.31098/ijeiis.v5i1.3458
Sa, dullah, & Hajam, H. (2025). Journal Ilmu Dakwah The Role of Nusantara Ulama’s Da’wah in Islamic Moderation: A Critique of Blackwater and Peripheral in Islamic Studies. Jurnal Ilmu Dakwah, 45(1), 69–86. https://doi.org/10.2158/jid.45.1.25373
Setiawati, R., Hidayat, R., & Mukri, Moh. (2024). Radicalism and Salafism in Indonesia: Development and Movement of Transnational Ideology. Analisis: Jurnal Studi Keislaman, 24(2), 227–256. https://doi.org/10.24042/ajsk.v24i2.24412
Studi Pengembangan Masyarakat Islam, P., Dakwah dan Ilmu Komunikasi, F., Islam Negeri Raden Intan Lampung, U., Letnan Kolonel Jl Endro Suratmin, J. H., Bandar Lampung, K., & Faizal, L. (2025). Islamic Society in the Digital Era: The Role of Celebgrams in the Development of Generation Z in Lampung. Journal on Education, 07(02).
Sutiyono. (2015). Social Traditions and the Islamic Purification Movement in Indonesia. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6(2S1), 251–259. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n2s1p251
Syafa’at, A. K., & Fauzi, M. N. (2025). Abdurrahman Wahid’s Political Legacy and the Development of Civilisation Fiqh in Indonesia. De Jure: Jurnal Hukum dan Syar’iah, 17(2), 553–573. https://doi.org/10.18860/j-fsh.v17i2.32586
Taptiani, N., Mahadi, A., Fajar Romadhon, I., Muhammad Pratama, A., Muhammad, R., Purwanto, E., Nurvita Sari, D., & Susiswani Isbandi, F. (2024). The Impact of Globalization on Local Culture. International Journal of Progressive Sciences and Technologies (IJPSAT, 45(1), 92–102.
Taufik, Z., Taufik, Z., & Taufik, M. (2022). Mainstreaming Religious Moderation Through Islamic Literature. KnE Social Sciences, 660–669. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v7i8.10783
Thomas, J., & Harden, A. (2008). Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-8-45
Uin, R., Saifudin, Z., Purwokerto, I., & Habibi, Y. (n.d.). Exploring the Role of Islamic Education in Social Change: The Impact of the Tahfidz Program in Bahrul Ulum Qur’ani Islamic Boarding School Niken Rahmawati. https://doi.org/10.30868/ei.v14i001.9365
Wahid, D. (2015). Nurturing Salafi manhaj: A study of Salafi Pesantrens in Contemporary Indonesia. Wacana, 15(2), 367. https://doi.org/10.17510/wacana.v15i2.413
Zakaria, A., Budi Setiawan, Solahudin, & Sitinoramalina, S. (2025). Tafsir Maqashid: Islamic Solutions to Generation Z’s Mental Health Challenges. ZAD Al-Mufassirin, 7(1), 28–53. https://doi.org/10.55759/zam.v7i1.252
Zakki, A., & Mahfud, M. (2023). A Critical Study of Comparative Education in The Middle East Countries: Ideological and Cultural. Nadwa: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 17(1), 11–39. https://doi.org/10.21580/nw.2023.17.1.14436
Zamrud Hatamudin, Dewi Purnama Sari, Rahmat Iswanto, & Deri Wanto. (2025). Implementation of Religious Moderation Values in Islamic Religious Education Learning and its Implications for the Behavior of Grade XI Students at SMA Negeri 1 Muara Enim. Journal of Research in Islamic Education, 7(2), 628–640. https://doi.org/10.25217/jrie.v7i2.6400
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Fardan Abdul Basith, Ayi Dini Purwandi, Mohamad Erihadiana, Mahmud Mahmud, Dwi Haryanto Hamdani, Muhammad Ridwan Aziz
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
