Adolescent Prayer Mentoring as a Technology for Spiritual Human Capital Formation

Authors

  • Lina Nur Anisa Institut Agama Islam Ngawi; Indonesia
  • Zuhriana Widya Rahayu Ning Tyas Institut Agama Islam Ngawi; Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.37680/scaffolding.v8i2.9647

Keywords:

Adolescent Prayer Mentoring, Non-Military Resilience, Self-Regulation, Social Empathy, Spiritual Human Capital

Abstract

This study conceptualizes adolescent prayer mentoring as a structured pedagogical technology for spiritual human capital formation and examines its relevance for psychosocial and non-military resilience. Methodologically, it employs qualitative library research with a normative-conceptual orientation supported by a Systematic Literature Review (SLR). Data were collected from peer-reviewed journal articles, academic books, and institutional reports on adolescent spirituality, Islamic pedagogy, prayer practices, character formation, spiritual capital, human capital, psychosocial resilience, and non-military resilience. Literature was traced through Scopus Preview, DOAJ, and Google Scholar using keywords such as “adolescent prayer mentoring,” “Islamic pedagogy,” “religious pedagogy,” “spiritual human capital,” “self-regulation,” “meaning-making,” “social empathy,” and “non-military resilience.” The initial search identified more than 120 sources. After screening for relevance, conceptual clarity, and contribution to the proposed framework, 47 studies were retained, and 32 core sources were selected for synthesis. Data analysis followed the SLR stages of identification, screening, selection, classification, and conceptual synthesis. The selected literature was organized into four analytical themes: prayer as Islamic pedagogical formation, prayer mentoring and value internalization, spirituality–psychosocial resilience–character formation, and spiritual human capital–non-military resilience. Findings show that prayer mentoring operates through bodily and spiritual habituation, reflective dialogue, moral exemplarity, emotional regulation, autonomous value internalization, meaning in life, and social empathy. These mechanisms transform prayer from private ritual observance into spiritual human capital for sustainable, resilient civic life. The article proposes the pathway: prayer mentoring → self-regulation → meaning in life → social empathy → spiritual human capital → non-military resilience.

References

Abdel-Khalek, A. M. (2019). Religiosity and Well-Being. In V. Zeigler-Hill & T. K. Shackelford (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences. Cham. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_2335-1

Aggarwal, S., Wright, J., Morgan, A., Patton, G., & Reavley, N. (2023). Religiosity and Spirituality in the Prevention and Management of Depression and Anxiety in Young People: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 23.

Apandie, C., & Rahmelia, S. (2026). Citizens’ Spiritual Capital for Strengthening Character Development in Indonesian Civic Education. Jurnal Pendidikan, 26(2), 147–166. https://doi.org/10.52850/jpn.v26i2.23654

Badan Standar, Kurikulum, dan A. P. (2022). Keputusan Kepala Badan Standar, Kurikulum, dan Asesmen Pendidikan Nomor 009/H/KR/2022 tentang Dimensi, Elemen, dan Subelemen Profil Pelajar Pancasila pada Kurikulum Merdeka. Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi. https://guru.kemendikdasmen.go.id/dokumen/74r6YnDzK3?parentCategory=Pendidikan+Karakter%0A

Baker, C., & Miles-Watson, J. (2010). Faith and Traditional Capitals: Defining the Public Scope of Spiritual and Religious Capital. Implicit Religion, 13(1), 17–69. https://doi.org/10.1558/imre.v13i1.17

Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory. Prentice Hall. https://books.google.com/books/about/Social_Learning_Theory.html?id=IXvuAAAAMAAJ

Becker, G. S. (1993). Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education (3rd ed.). University of Chicago Press. https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/H/bo3684031.html

Berkowitz, M. W., & Bier, M. C. (2014). Research-Based Fundamentals of the Effective Promotion of Character Development in Schools. In & T. K. L. Nucci, D. Narvaez (Ed.), Handbook of Moral and Character Education (2nd ed., pp. 248–260). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203114896.ch14

Boin, A., & McConnell, A. (2007). Preparing for Critical Infrastructure Breakdowns: The Limits of Crisis Management and the Need for Resilience. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 15(1), 50–59. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5973.2007.00504.x

BPS. (2024). Statistik Pemuda Indonesia. Badan Pusat Statistik. https://www.bps.go.id/id/publication/2024/12/31/b2dbaac4542352cea8794590/statistik-pemuda-indonesia-2024.html%0A

Bruneau, M., Chang, S. E., Eguchi, R. T., Lee, G. C., O’Rourke, T. D., Reinhorn, A. M., Shinozuka, M., Tierney, K., Wallace, W. A., & von Winterfeldt, D. (2003). A Framework to Quantitatively Assess and Enhance the Seismic Resilience of Communities. Earthquake Spectra, 19(4), 733–752. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1623497

Center for Reproductive Health, University of Queensland, & J. H. B. S. of P. H. (2022). Indonesia – National Adolescent Mental Health Survey (I-NAMHS) Report. Center for Reproductive Health, University of Queensland, & Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. https://qcmhr.org/outputs/reports/12-i-namhs-report-bahasa-indonesia

Chen, Y., & VanderWeele, T. J. (2018). Associations of Religious Upbringing with Subsequent Health and Well-Being from Adolescence to Young Adulthood: An Outcome-Wide Analysis. American Journal of Epidemiology, 187(11), 2355–2364. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwy142

Creswell, J. W., & C. N. P. (2018). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches (4th ed.). SAGE. https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/qualitative-inquiry-and-research-design/book246896

DuBois, D. L., Portillo, N., Rhodes, J. E., Silverthorn, N., & Valentine, J. C. (2011). How Effective Are Mentoring Programs for Youth? A Systematic Assessment of the Evidence. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 12(2), 57–91.

Firanda, A., & Ningsih, I. U. (2025). The Meaning of Five-Time Daily Prayers on Adolescents’ Psychological Well-Being. Journal of Psychology Today, 3(2), 85–95. https://digamed.net/index.php/psychologytoday/article/view/324

Hafizah, N., & Uyun, Q. (2023). Examining How Islamic Coping Reduces Internet Misuse through Emotional Self-Regulation. Journal An-Nafs: Kajian Penelitian Psikologi, 8(2), 264–277. https://doi.org/10.33367/psi.v8i2.4310

Halstead, J. M. (2004). An Islamic Concept of Education. Comparative Education, 40(4), 517–529. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305006042000284510

Halstead, J. M. (2019). Islamic Education in Theory and Practice. In M. A. Peters (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Teacher Education. Springer.

Hanushek, E. A., & Woessmann, L. (2020). Education, Knowledge Capital, and Economic Growth. In S. Bradley & C. Green (Ed.), The Economics of Education: A Comprehensive Overview (2nd ed., pp. 171–182). American Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-815391-8.00014-8

Hardy, S. A., Baldwin, C. R., Herd, T., & Kim-Spoon, J. (2020). Dynamic Associations between Religiousness and Self-Regulation across Adolescence into Young Adulthood. Developmental Psychology, 56(1), 180–197. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000841

Hardy, S. A., Nelson, J. M., Moore, J. P., & King, P. E. (2019). Processes of Religious and Spiritual Influence in Adolescence: A Systematic Review of 30 Years of Research. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 29(2), 254–275. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12486

Heckman, J. J., & Kautz, T. (2014). Fostering and Measuring Skills: Interventions That Improve Character and Cognition. In & T. K. J. J. Heckman, J. E. Humphries (Ed.), The Myth of Achievement Tests: The GED and the Role of Character in American Life. University of Chicago

Heckman, J. J., Jagelka, T., & Kautz, T. D. (2019). Some Contributions of Economics to the Study of Personality (NBER Working Paper No. 26459). National Bureau of Economic Research.

Iannello, N. M., Hardy, S. A., Musso, P., Lo Coco, A., & Inguglia, C. (2022). How Do Religiosity and Spirituality Associate with Health-Related Outcomes of Adolescents with Chronic Illnesses? A Scoping Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(20).

Immordino-Yang, M. H., Darling-Hammond, L., & Krone, C. R. (2019). Nurturing Nature: How Brain Development Is Inherently Social and Emotional, and What This Means for Education. Educational Psychologist, 54(3), 185–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2019.1633924

King, P. E., & Boyatzis, C. J. (2015). Religious and Spiritual Development. In R. M. Lerner (Ed.), Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science, Vol. 3 (7th ed., pp. 975–1021). John Wiley & Sons.

King, P. E., & Roeser, R. W. (2009). Religion and Spirituality in Adolescent Development. In R. M. L. & L. Steinberg (Ed.), Handbook of Adolescent Psychology: Individual Bases of Adolescent Development (3rd ed., pp. 435–478). John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470479193.adlpsy001014

King, P. E., Mangan, S., & Riveros, R. (2023). Religion, Spirituality, and Youth Thriving: Investigating the Roles of the Developing Mind and Meaning-Making. In & S. A. S. E. B. Davis, E. L. Worthington Jr. (Ed.), Handbook of Positive Psychology, Religion, and Spirituality (pp. 263–277). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10274-5_17

King, P. E., Schnitker, S. A., & Houltberg, B. J. (2020). Exploring Religiousness and Hope: Examining the Roles of Spirituality and Social Connections among Salvadoran Youth. Religions, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11020075

Lapsley, D. K., & Stey, P. C. (2014). Moral Self-Identity as the Aim of Education. In & T. K. L. Nucci, D. Narvaez (Ed.), Handbook of Moral and Character Education (2nd ed., pp. 84–100). Routledge.

Lickona, T. (1991). Educating for Character: How Our Schools Can Teach Respect and Responsibility. Bantam Books. https://books.google.com/books/about/Educating_for_Character.html?id=Cx0nJf7KZAcC

Loades, M. E., Chatburn, E., Higson-Sweeney, N., Reynolds, S., Shafran, R., Brigden, A., Linney, C., McManus, M. N., Borwick, C., & Crawley, E. (2020). Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 59(11), 1218–1239.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2020.05.009

Masten, A. S. (2021). Resilience of Children in Disasters: A Multisystem Perspective. International Journal of Psychology, 56(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12737

Mentari, E. D., Handayani, F., Firmansyah, E., Salfitri, M., & Fezira, M. (2025). The Effectiveness of Prayer Therapy on Adolescent Mental Health. Proceeding Conference on Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, 4(1), 89–97. https://doi.org/10.61994/cpbs.v4i1.211

Nesi, J. (2020). The Impact of Social Media on Youth Mental Health: Challenges and Opportunities. North Carolina Medical Journal, 81(2), 116–121. https://doi.org/10.18043/ncm.81.2.116

Nucci, L., Narvaez, D., & Krettenauer, T. (Ed.). (2014). Handbook of Moral and Character Education (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203114896

Nucci, L., Narvaez, D., & Krettenauer, T. (Ed.). (2018). Handbook of Moral and Character Education (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315707345

OECD. (2019). OECD Skills Strategy 2019: Skills to Shape a Better Future. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264313835-en

Orben, A. (2020). Teenagers, Screens and Social Media: A Narrative Review of Reviews and Key Studies. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 55, 407–414.

Oser, F. K., Scarlett, W. G., & Bucher, A. (2006). Religious and Spiritual Development throughout the Life Span. In W. D. & R. M. Lerner (Ed.), Handbook of Child Psychology: Vol. 1. Theoretical Models of Human Development (6th ed., pp. 942–998). John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470147658.chpsy0117

Palmer, D. A., & Wong, M. (2013). Clarifying the Concept of Spiritual Capital. The Chinese University of Hong Kong. https://www.socsc.hku.hk/ExCEL3/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Concept-of-Spiritual-Capital.pdf

Pargament, K. I. (1997). The Psychology of Religion and Coping: Theory, Research, Practice. The Guilford Press. https://www.guilford.com/books/The-Psychology-of-Religion-and-Coping/Kenneth-Pargament/9781572306646

Park, C. L. (2013). Religion and Meaning. In R. F. P. & C. L. Park (Ed.), Handbook of the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality (2nd ed., pp. 357–379). Guilford Press.

Patel, V., Saxena, S., Lund, C., Thornicroft, G., Baingana, F., Bolton, P., Chisholm, D., Collins, P. Y., Cooper, J. L., Eaton, J., Herrman, H., Herzallah, M. M., Huang, Y., Jordans, M. J. D., Kleinman, A., Medina-Mora, M. E., Morgan, E., Niaz, U., Omigbo, J. (2018). The Lancet Commission on Global Mental Health and Sustainable Development. The Lancet, 392(10157), 1553–1598. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31612-X

PJII. (2024). Jumlah Pengguna Internet Indonesia Tembus 221 Juta Orang. Asosiasi Penyelenggara Jasa Internet Indonesia. https://apjii.or.id/berita/d/apjii-jumlah-pengguna-internet-indonesia-tembus-221-juta-orang%0A

Putnam, R. D., & Garrett, S. R. (2020). The Upswing: How America Came Together a Century Ago and How We Can Do It Again. Simon & Schuster. https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/The-Upswing/Robert-D-Putnam/9781982129156

Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. Simon & Schuster. https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Bowling-Alone/Robert-D-Putnam/9780743203043

Racine, N., McArthur, B. A., Cooke, J. E., Eirich, R., Zhu, J., & Madigan, S. (2021). Global Prevalence of Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Children and Adolescents during Covid-19: A Meta-Analysis. JAMA Pediatrics, 175(11), 1142–1150.

Rhodes, J. E., & DuBois, D. L. (2008). Mentoring Relationships and Programs for Youth. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17(4), 254–258. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00585.x

Roehlkepartain, E. C., Benson, P. L., King, P. E., & Wagener, L. M. (2006). Spiritual Development in Childhood and Adolescence: Moving to the Scientific Mainstream. In & P. L. B. E. C. Roehlkepartain, P. E. King, L. M. Wagener (Ed.), The Handbook of Spiritual Development in Childhood and Adolescence (pp. 1–15). SAGE Publications.

Rosmarin, D. H., Pirutinsky, S., & Koenig, H. G. (2022). The Neuroscience of Spirituality, Religion, and Mental Health: A Systematic Review and Synthesis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 156, 100–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.09.013

Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-Determination Theory: Basic Psychological Needs in Motivation, Development, and Wellness. Guilford Press. https://www.guilford.com/books/Self-Determination-Theory/Ryan-Deci/9781462528769

Safrilsyah, S., Yusoff, M. Z. M., Othman, M. K., & Ibrahim, I. (2021). Religiosity and Prosocial Behavior on Student of Islamic and Public Schools in Banda Aceh, Indonesia. Tadris: Jurnal Keguruan Dan Ilmu Tarbiyah, 6(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.24042/tadris.v6i1.6295

Sahin, A. (2013). New Directions in Islamic Education: Pedagogy and Identity Formation. Kube Publishing.

Sawyer, S. M., Azzopardi, P. S., Wickremarathne, D., & Patton, G. C. (2018). The Age of Adolescence. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 2(3), 223–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(18)30022-1

Schanzenbach, D. W., Nunn, R., Bauer, L., Mumford, M., & Breitwieser, A. (2016). Seven Facts on Noncognitive Skills from Education to the Labor Market. The Hamilton Project, Brookings Institution. https://www.hamiltonproject.org/assets/files/seven_facts_noncognitive_skills_education_labor_market.pdf%0A

Schultz, T. W. (1961). Investment in Human Capital. The American Economic Review, 51(1), 1–17.

Smith, C., Ritz, B., & Rotolo, M. (2020). Religious Parenting: Transmitting Faith and Values in Contemporary America. Princeton University Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvhrd15k

Ungar, M. (Ed.). (2021). Multisystemic Resilience: Adaptation and Transformation in Contexts of Change. Oxford University Press. https://academic.oup.com/book/41117

UNICEF. (2021). The State of the World’s Children 2021: On My Mind—Promoting, Protecting and Caring for Children’s Mental Health. United Nations Children’s Fund. https://www.unicef.org/reports/state-worlds-children-2021

VanderWeele, T. J. (2017). On the Promotion of Human Flourishing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(31), 8148–8156. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1702996114

WHO. (2025). Mental Health of Adolescents. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health

Published

2026-06-18