The Correlating Factors Aligned with Bullying Acts at Elementary Schools in Sumenep Regency
Keywords:
Bullying; Elementary School Students; Sumenep Regency
Abstract
Recently, cases of bullying in the education sector have become increasingly prevalent in Indonesia. Bullying cannot be taken lightly as the emotional scars of infliction can damage a child's mental health, and it is not uncommon for victims of bullying to become bullies themselves in the future. This study aims to describe the correlating factors aligned with the bullying of elementary students in Sumenep Regency. Two hundred eighty-eight elementary school students from 14 schools participated in this research, and the data was analyzed using bivariate tests. The results of this study indicate that 68.1% of the respondents reported experiencing direct bullying, with 50% of those being boys. Additionally, 128 male students (44.4%) were reported as bullies. There is no significant relationship between gender and the experience of being bullied; every child has the potential to become a victim or perpetrator of bullying at school. Bullying is also closely related to academic achievement. The study does not expose any relationship between the experience of being bullied and the living situation of the students. Students feel sad and lacking in confidence when they are bullied, and they have tried to report this to relevant parties such as parents or teachers. However, the culture in Sumenep still considers bullying to be a common occurrence among children. Therefore, all parties must work together in addressing bullying, given the significant psychological impact it can have on children.
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References
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Cho, H., Cannon, J., Lopez, R., & Li, W. (2022). Social media literacy: A conceptual framework. New Media and Society. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211068530
Coelho, V. A., & Sousa, V. (2021). A Multilevel Analysis of the Relation Between Bullying Roles and Social and Emotional Competencies. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(11–12), 5122–5144. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518801943
Cook, C. R., Williams, K. R., Guerra, N. G., Kim, T. E., & Sadek, S. (2010). Predictors of bullying and victimization in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analytic investigation. School Psychology Quarterly, 25(2), 65–83. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020149
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Engelhart, M. D., & Moughamian, H. (2003). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 31(4), 1029–1029. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316447103100435
Glew, G. M., Fan, M. Y., Katon, W., Rivara, F. P., & Kernic, M. A. (2005). Bullying, psychosocial adjustment, and academic performance in elementary school. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 159(11), 1026–1031. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.159.11.1026
Hartley, M. T., Bauman, S., Nixon, C. L., & Davis, S. (2017). Responding to Bullying Victimization: Comparative Analysis of Victimized Students in General and Special Education. Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 28(2), 77–89. https://doi.org/10.1177/1044207317710700
Huang, J., Huebner, E. S., & Tian, L. (2022). Stability and Changes in Traditional and Cyberbullying Perpetration and Victimization in Childhood: The Predictive Role of Depressive Symptoms. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(19–20), NP17300–NP17324. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211028004
Kim, J. W., Lee, K. S., Lee, Y. S., Han, D. H., Min, K. J., Song, S. H., Park, G. N., Lee, J. Y., & Kim, J. O. (2015). Factors associated with group bullying and psychopathology in elementary school students using child-welfare facilities. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 11, 991–998. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S76105
Klomek, A. B., Sourander, A., Niemelä, S., Kumpulainen, K., Piha, J., Tamminen, T., Almqvist, F., & Gould, M. S. (2009). Childhood bullying behaviors as a risk for suicide attempts and completed suicides: A population-based birth cohort study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 48(3), 254–261. https://doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e318196b91f
Kokkinos, C. M., & Antoniadou, N. (2013). Bullying and victimization experiences in elementary school students nominated by their teachers for Specific Learning Disabilities. School Psychology International, 34(6), 674–690. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034313479712
Kowalski, R. M., Morgan, C. A., & Limber, S. P. (2012). Traditional bullying is a potential warning sign of cyberbullying. School Psychology International, 33(5), 505–519. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034312445244
McLoughlin, L. T., Broadhouse, K. M., Clacy, A., Winks, N., Lagopoulos, J., & Hermens, D. F. (2021). The Cyberbullying Picture Series (CyPicS): Developed for Use in Cyberbullying and Cyberbystander Research. Psychological Reports, 124(3), 1370–1383. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294120922488
Monks, C. P., Robinson, S., & Worlidge, P. (2012). The emergence of cyberbullying: A survey of primary school pupils’ perceptions and experiences. School Psychology International, 33(5), 477–491. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034312445242
Muhopilah, P., & Tentama, F. (2019). Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi perilaku bullying. Jurnal Psikologi Terapan Dan Pendidikan, 1(2), 99. https://doi.org/10.26555/jptp.v1i2.15132
Naufal Fadhilah, M. (2022). The Effect of Digital Literacy on Social Media Ethics. Jurnal Abdimas Kartika Wijayakusuma, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.26874/jakw.v3i1.121
Oldenburg, B., Bosman, R., & Veenstra, R. (2016). Are elementary school teachers prepared to tackle bullying? A pilot study. School Psychology International, 37(1), 64–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034315623324
Peachey, A. A., Wenos, J., & Baller, S. (2017). Trait emotional intelligence related to bullying in elementary school children and to victimization in boys. OTJR Occupation, Participation and Health, 37(4), 178–187. https://doi.org/10.1177/1539449217715859
Pellegrini, A. D., & Van Ryzin, M. J. (2011). Part of the problem and part of the solution: The role of peers in bullying, dominance, and victimization during the transition from primary school to secondary school. Bullying in North American Schools, Second Edition, January 2004, 112–121. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203842898
Peren, S. (2022). Membaca Statistik Tentang Kasus Bullying Di Indonesia. Depoedu.Com. https://www.depoedu.com/2022/12/13/edu-talk/membaca-statistik-tentang-kasus-bullying-di-indonesia/
Pradhan, S., Agrawal, S., & Srivastava, A. (2022). Cyberbullying and Depression: An empirical study of Indian executives. Vision, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/09722629221074752
Rivers, I., Poteat, V. P., Noret, N., & Ashurst, N. (2009). Observing Bullying at School: The Mental Health Implications of Witness Status. School Psychology Quarterly, 24(4), 211–223. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018164
Salmivalli, C. (2014). Participant Roles in Bullying: How Can Peer Bystanders Be Utilized in Interventions? Theory into Practice, 53(4), 286–292. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405841.2014.947222
Salmivalli, C., Voeten, M., & Poskiparta, E. (2011). Bystanders matter. Associations between reinforcing, defending, and the frequency of bullying behavior in classrooms. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 40(5), 668–676. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2011.597090
Song, H., Lee, Y., & Kim, J. (2020). Gender Differences in the Link Between Cyberbullying and Parental Supervision Trajectories. Crime and Delinquency, 66(13–14), 1914–1936. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128720912371
Stives, K. L., May, D. C., Pilkinton, M., Bethel, C. L., & Eakin, D. K. (2019). Strategies to Combat Bullying: Parental Responses to Bullies, Bystanders, and Victims. Youth and Society, 51(3), 358–376. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X18756491
Sugiono. (2013). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan R&D (Cetakan ke). Alfabeta. https://opac.perpusnas.go.id/DetailOpac.aspx?id=1188929
Touloupis, T. (2022). Facebook Use and Cyberbullying by Students with Learning Disabilities: The Role of Self-Esteem and Loneliness. Psychological Reports, 0(0), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941221138471
van Verseveld, M. D. A., Fekkes, M., Fukkink, R. G., & Oostdam, R. J. (2021). Teachers’ Experiences With Difficult Bullying Situations in the School: An Explorative Study. Journal of Early Adolescence, 41(1), 43–69. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431620939193
Walters, G. D. (2021). School-Age Bullying Victimization and Perpetration: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies and Research. Trauma, Violence, and Abuse, 22(5), 1129–1139. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838020906513
Wang, P., Wang, X., & Lei, L. (2019). Gender Differences Between Student–Student Relationship and Cyberbullying Perpetration: An Evolutionary Perspective. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 59. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519865970
Worsley, J. D., Wheatcroft, J. M., Short, E., & Corcoran, R. (2017). Victims’ Voices: Understanding the Emotional Impact of Cyberstalking and Individuals’ Coping Responses. SAGE Open, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244017710292
Wu, X., Zhen, R., Shen, L., Tan, R., & Zhou, X. (2023). Patterns of Elementary School Students’ Bullying Victimization: Roles of Family and Individual Factors. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 38(3–4), 2410–2431. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605221101190
Zhang, S., Mulhall, P. F., Flowers, N., & Lee, N. Y. (2021). Bullying Reporting Concerns as a Mediator Between School Climate and Bullying Victimization/Aggression. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(21–22), NP11531–NP11554. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519889926
Beran, T. N., & Tutty, L. (2002). Children’s Reports of Bullying and Safety at School. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 17(2), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/082957350201700201
Bjärehed, M., Thornberg, R., Wänström, L., & Gini, G. (2020). Mechanisms of Moral Disengagement and Their Associations With Indirect Bullying, Direct Bullying, and Pro-Aggressive Bystander Behavior. Journal of Early Adolescence, 40(1), 28–55. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431618824745
Black, S., Weinles, D., & Washington, E. (2010). Victim strategies to stop bullying. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 8(2), 138–147. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204009349401
Cho, H., Cannon, J., Lopez, R., & Li, W. (2022). Social media literacy: A conceptual framework. New Media and Society. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211068530
Coelho, V. A., & Sousa, V. (2021). A Multilevel Analysis of the Relation Between Bullying Roles and Social and Emotional Competencies. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(11–12), 5122–5144. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518801943
Cook, C. R., Williams, K. R., Guerra, N. G., Kim, T. E., & Sadek, S. (2010). Predictors of bullying and victimization in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analytic investigation. School Psychology Quarterly, 25(2), 65–83. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020149
Deng, C., Gong, X., Liu, W., Huebner, E. S., & Tian, L. (2022). Co-developmental trajectories of interpersonal relationships in middle childhood to early adolescence: Associations with traditional bullying and cyberbullying. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 39(9), 2701–2723. https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075221087618
Engelhart, M. D., & Moughamian, H. (2003). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 31(4), 1029–1029. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316447103100435
Glew, G. M., Fan, M. Y., Katon, W., Rivara, F. P., & Kernic, M. A. (2005). Bullying, psychosocial adjustment, and academic performance in elementary school. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 159(11), 1026–1031. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.159.11.1026
Hartley, M. T., Bauman, S., Nixon, C. L., & Davis, S. (2017). Responding to Bullying Victimization: Comparative Analysis of Victimized Students in General and Special Education. Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 28(2), 77–89. https://doi.org/10.1177/1044207317710700
Huang, J., Huebner, E. S., & Tian, L. (2022). Stability and Changes in Traditional and Cyberbullying Perpetration and Victimization in Childhood: The Predictive Role of Depressive Symptoms. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(19–20), NP17300–NP17324. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211028004
Kim, J. W., Lee, K. S., Lee, Y. S., Han, D. H., Min, K. J., Song, S. H., Park, G. N., Lee, J. Y., & Kim, J. O. (2015). Factors associated with group bullying and psychopathology in elementary school students using child-welfare facilities. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 11, 991–998. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S76105
Klomek, A. B., Sourander, A., Niemelä, S., Kumpulainen, K., Piha, J., Tamminen, T., Almqvist, F., & Gould, M. S. (2009). Childhood bullying behaviors as a risk for suicide attempts and completed suicides: A population-based birth cohort study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 48(3), 254–261. https://doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e318196b91f
Kokkinos, C. M., & Antoniadou, N. (2013). Bullying and victimization experiences in elementary school students nominated by their teachers for Specific Learning Disabilities. School Psychology International, 34(6), 674–690. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034313479712
Kowalski, R. M., Morgan, C. A., & Limber, S. P. (2012). Traditional bullying is a potential warning sign of cyberbullying. School Psychology International, 33(5), 505–519. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034312445244
McLoughlin, L. T., Broadhouse, K. M., Clacy, A., Winks, N., Lagopoulos, J., & Hermens, D. F. (2021). The Cyberbullying Picture Series (CyPicS): Developed for Use in Cyberbullying and Cyberbystander Research. Psychological Reports, 124(3), 1370–1383. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294120922488
Monks, C. P., Robinson, S., & Worlidge, P. (2012). The emergence of cyberbullying: A survey of primary school pupils’ perceptions and experiences. School Psychology International, 33(5), 477–491. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034312445242
Muhopilah, P., & Tentama, F. (2019). Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi perilaku bullying. Jurnal Psikologi Terapan Dan Pendidikan, 1(2), 99. https://doi.org/10.26555/jptp.v1i2.15132
Naufal Fadhilah, M. (2022). The Effect of Digital Literacy on Social Media Ethics. Jurnal Abdimas Kartika Wijayakusuma, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.26874/jakw.v3i1.121
Oldenburg, B., Bosman, R., & Veenstra, R. (2016). Are elementary school teachers prepared to tackle bullying? A pilot study. School Psychology International, 37(1), 64–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034315623324
Peachey, A. A., Wenos, J., & Baller, S. (2017). Trait emotional intelligence related to bullying in elementary school children and to victimization in boys. OTJR Occupation, Participation and Health, 37(4), 178–187. https://doi.org/10.1177/1539449217715859
Pellegrini, A. D., & Van Ryzin, M. J. (2011). Part of the problem and part of the solution: The role of peers in bullying, dominance, and victimization during the transition from primary school to secondary school. Bullying in North American Schools, Second Edition, January 2004, 112–121. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203842898
Peren, S. (2022). Membaca Statistik Tentang Kasus Bullying Di Indonesia. Depoedu.Com. https://www.depoedu.com/2022/12/13/edu-talk/membaca-statistik-tentang-kasus-bullying-di-indonesia/
Pradhan, S., Agrawal, S., & Srivastava, A. (2022). Cyberbullying and Depression: An empirical study of Indian executives. Vision, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/09722629221074752
Rivers, I., Poteat, V. P., Noret, N., & Ashurst, N. (2009). Observing Bullying at School: The Mental Health Implications of Witness Status. School Psychology Quarterly, 24(4), 211–223. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018164
Salmivalli, C. (2014). Participant Roles in Bullying: How Can Peer Bystanders Be Utilized in Interventions? Theory into Practice, 53(4), 286–292. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405841.2014.947222
Salmivalli, C., Voeten, M., & Poskiparta, E. (2011). Bystanders matter. Associations between reinforcing, defending, and the frequency of bullying behavior in classrooms. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 40(5), 668–676. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2011.597090
Song, H., Lee, Y., & Kim, J. (2020). Gender Differences in the Link Between Cyberbullying and Parental Supervision Trajectories. Crime and Delinquency, 66(13–14), 1914–1936. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128720912371
Stives, K. L., May, D. C., Pilkinton, M., Bethel, C. L., & Eakin, D. K. (2019). Strategies to Combat Bullying: Parental Responses to Bullies, Bystanders, and Victims. Youth and Society, 51(3), 358–376. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X18756491
Sugiono. (2013). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan R&D (Cetakan ke). Alfabeta. https://opac.perpusnas.go.id/DetailOpac.aspx?id=1188929
Touloupis, T. (2022). Facebook Use and Cyberbullying by Students with Learning Disabilities: The Role of Self-Esteem and Loneliness. Psychological Reports, 0(0), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941221138471
van Verseveld, M. D. A., Fekkes, M., Fukkink, R. G., & Oostdam, R. J. (2021). Teachers’ Experiences With Difficult Bullying Situations in the School: An Explorative Study. Journal of Early Adolescence, 41(1), 43–69. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431620939193
Walters, G. D. (2021). School-Age Bullying Victimization and Perpetration: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies and Research. Trauma, Violence, and Abuse, 22(5), 1129–1139. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838020906513
Wang, P., Wang, X., & Lei, L. (2019). Gender Differences Between Student–Student Relationship and Cyberbullying Perpetration: An Evolutionary Perspective. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 59. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519865970
Worsley, J. D., Wheatcroft, J. M., Short, E., & Corcoran, R. (2017). Victims’ Voices: Understanding the Emotional Impact of Cyberstalking and Individuals’ Coping Responses. SAGE Open, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244017710292
Wu, X., Zhen, R., Shen, L., Tan, R., & Zhou, X. (2023). Patterns of Elementary School Students’ Bullying Victimization: Roles of Family and Individual Factors. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 38(3–4), 2410–2431. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605221101190
Zhang, S., Mulhall, P. F., Flowers, N., & Lee, N. Y. (2021). Bullying Reporting Concerns as a Mediator Between School Climate and Bullying Victimization/Aggression. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(21–22), NP11531–NP11554. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519889926
Published
2023-11-15
How to Cite
Sari, T. (2023). The Correlating Factors Aligned with Bullying Acts at Elementary Schools in Sumenep Regency. QALAMUNA: Jurnal Pendidikan, Sosial, Dan Agama, 15(2), 1053-1064. https://doi.org/10.37680/qalamuna.v15i2.3414
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Articles
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